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31.
Interception loss has an important influence on the water yield of forested areas. Nevertheless, in most studies stemflow is not measured, therefore the question of how to determine the feasibility of optimizing interception and stemflow parameters simultaneously by matching daily simulated throughfall to fortnightly measurements of cumulative throughfall is an important one. By applying a daily empirical interception model, a goodness fit of 2·2 mm/day is obtained between observed and simulated cumulative throughfall. However, by applying the simple but robust Linking Test, it was shown that the parameters are non‐unique and falsely linked, i.e. inter‐relationships between different vegetation parameter sets give similar throughfall but non‐unique net precipitation. The Linking Test investigates the causes of obtaining falsely linked parameters and shows that objective equifinality is not the source of the problem. Objective equifinality occurs when an inappropriate objective function is used. The Linking Test also shows that falsely linked parameters are not caused by measuring throughfall on a non‐daily basis (termed frequency sampling equifinality). By expanding the interception model to the second degree, it was found that the non‐uniqueness is due to the inherent nature of interception and stemflow functions that behave similarly and therefore can easily compensate each other (termed similarity equifinality). It is also shown that a simple daily empirical exponential interception model developed for conifers in the uplands of the United Kingdom is suitable to model interception in Pinus radiata plantations in the Mediterranean climate of southern Australia by using only daily gross precipitation data and two parameters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
32.
The Qinling Mountains is not only the geographical boundary between North and South China,but also the boundary between subtropical and warm temperate zones.It plays an important role in the geo-ecological pattern of China.However,there is controversy about the specific location of this geographical boundary in academic community due to the complexity,transition and heterogeneity of the transitional zone,as well as the differences in the delimitation indicators and research purposes.To further reveal the characteristics of the North-South transitional zone and clarify the specific location of the geo-ecological boundary between North and South China,combined with SRTM topographic data,temperature and precipitation data,Pinus massoniana forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest,which represent subtropical coniferous forest in South China and temperate coniferous forest in North China respectively,were chosen to analyze their spatial distributions in the Qinling-Daba Mountains and the climatic conditions at their boundary with the climatic indexes of annual precipitation,the coldest month(January) average temperature,the warmest month(July) average temperature and the annual average temperature.The results show that:(1) Pinus massoniana and Pinus tabulaeformis forests and the climate indicators of their boundary can be used as one of the vegetation-climate indexes for the delimitation of subtropical and warm temperate zones.The boundary between the subtropical coniferous forest(Pinus massoniana forest) and temperate coniferous forest(Pinus tabulaeformis forest) is located along the south slope of Funiu Mountain to the north edge of Hanzhong Basin(the south slope of Qinling Mountains) at an altitude of 1000–1200 m,where the climatic indictors are stable:the annual precipitation is about 750–1000 mm,the annual average temperature is about 12–14℃,the coldest monthly average temperature is 0–4℃,and the warmest monthly average temperature is about 22–26℃.(2) It can be more scientifically to delimitate the boundary of subtropical and warm temperate zones in China by comprehensively considering the vegetation-climate indicators.Additionally,the boundary between subtropical and warm temperate zones in Qinling-Daba Mountains should be a transitional zone consisting of the boundaries of coniferous forests,broad-leaved forests and shrubs between subtropical and warm temperate zones.The results provide a scientific basis for the selection of delimitation index of subtropical and warm temperate zones. 相似文献
33.
根据27个土壤剖面的405个土壤样品,研究云南中部地区华山松林、旱冬瓜林、云南松林的土壤含水率、容重和细根重及其垂直分布特征。结果表明：3种森林100em深土壤的平均含水率分别是（28．79±11．98）％、（24．66±9．89）％、（14．11±5．84）％,差异极显著;平均容重分别是（1．14±0．20）g／cm3、（1．26±0．18）g/cm3、（1．42±0．12）g／cm3,差异极显著;平均细根重分别为（0．1956±0．2144）g／100cm3、（0．0706±0．1066）g／100cm3、（0．1381±0．2989）g／100cm3,在0．05水平上差异显著。华山松林林下土壤的物理性质最好,旱冬瓜林次之,云南松林最差。3种森林里,随着土壤深度增加,土壤含水率增加,土壤容重和土壤细根重减少。华山松林与云南松林平均容重与平均细根重均显著负相关,旱冬瓜林平均含水率与平均容重显著负相关。华山松林下土壤细根量最大,0～20cm层根系占根系总重量的83％。 相似文献
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36.
High-data dimensionality is a common problem in hyperspectral data processing. Consequently, remote sensing techniques that reduce the number of bands are considered essential tools for most hyperspectral applications. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of the random forest ensemble to select the optimal subset of hyperspectral bands to predict the age of Pinus patula stands. Airborne AISA Eagle hyperspectral image data were collected over the study area. The random forest ensemble was used to test whether the forward or backward variable selection methods could identify the optimal subset of bands. Results indicate that both the selection methods produced high-predictive accuracies (root mean square error = 3.097 years). However, the backward variable selection method utilized 206 bands for the final model, while the forward variable selection utilized only a small subset of non-redundant bands (n = 9) while preserving the highest model accuracy (R 2 = 0.6). 相似文献
37.
Terrain influences many ecological processes. Therefore, ecologists must consider terrain effects in sampling designs. Incomplete information on the ecological role of terrain, however, makes it difficult to account for terrain variability in sample designs. As a partial solution, we introduce a protocol that automatically stratifies complex terrain. This stratification method uses image-processing techniques to cluster digital images of slope, elevation, and aspect into homogeneous groupings. The technique is demonstrated for a stratification of complex terrain disturbed by a large forest fire. By identifying terrain complexity at several spatial resolutions, we were able to place transects that sample terrain variability and fire severity representatively across a controlled range of scales. [Key words: terrain, stratification, image processing, sample design.] 相似文献
38.
The formation of tree-rings is closely related to climate variation. This paper establishes the tree-ring chronology of Pinus massoniana for a period of 36 years and examines the relationship between the tree-ring chronology and climatic conditions based on tree-ring width samples from three sites on the northeast slopes of Yangming Mountain. This data is used to study the relationship between the tree-ring width of a young tree and climatic conditions in a moist hilly region of southern China and to understand the general pattern of climate variation and its effects on tree growth in the past in this region. The results indicate that changes in tree-ring widths in these sites are closely related to local climatic conditions. There is a significant positive correlation between the radial growth of Pinus massoniana and the mean temperature of the current year from January to May (coefficient of correlation, R, is 0.596, P<0.01) and the mean temperature of the previous year from June to July (R is 0.639, P<0.01). The radial growth of Pinus massoniana is negatively correlated with the total precipitation of the previous year from January to March and November to December (R is -0.46, P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the total precipitation of the previous year from June to July (R is -0.582, P<0.05). The effect of precipitation on the radial growth of Pinus massoniana is known as the “hysteresis effect”. 相似文献
39.
建立了秦岭东缘高海拔华山松树轮宽度年表,年表的可靠时段是从1911年到2005年(子样本强度大于0.8),基于此年表重建了秦岭东缘过去百年来冬半年(上年12月到当年4月)温度变化,重建方程的方差解释量为51%。重建序列有3个温暖时段： 1938～1944年,1958～1967年和 1998～2005年; 两个冷时段： 1945～1957年和 1968～1976年。自1968年以来,温度开始上升,但温度变化幅度未表现出明显异常。秦岭东缘和华北、华中及华东邻近,本文重建的温度序列与这3个区域的温度变化在低温、高温时段对应一致,而且相关显著,都表现出自1970s以来的升温趋势。表明在秦岭东缘采用高海拔华山松重建冬半年温度具有很大的潜力。 相似文献
40.
樟子松在甘肃干旱区的适应性及发展潜力研究 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
通过对樟子松在甘肃干旱区的适应性进行研究分析得出:樟子松的耐旱性强于当地主要防护林树种二白杨和沙枣;也较常绿乡土树种侧柏、油松、刺柏、青海云杉适应性强,并表现出明显的生长优势。对樟子松的生长量、移栽造林技术、光合速率、蒸腾强度、水分利用效率、耐盐性、物候期等进行研究的结果表明:樟子松能适应甘肃干旱区气候、自然生态环境条件;同时长势也优于原产地,是优良的防风固沙造林树种,能抗病虫害、可作为用材林树种,改造当地"小老头树"防护林等,其发展潜力大,应大力发展。 相似文献