Road impacts on spatial patterns of land use and landscape fragmentation in three parallel rivers region, Yunnan Province, China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jun Liang  Ye Liu  Lingxiao Ying  Peng Li  Yue Xu  Zehao Shen 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,24(1):15-27

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.  相似文献   

Climate control on summer precipitation in the Source Region of Three Rivers,China: East or South Asian summer monsoon?     

《水文科学杂志》2012,57(2):242-253

ABSTRACT

The Source Region of Three Rivers (SRTR) has experienced wetter summer seasons than before in recent decades due to climate change. As the most important source of surface water, precipitation plays a key role in supplying the three largest rivers. This study investigates the impacts of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) on precipitation in the SRTR. Using wavelet analysis tools, we found that: (i) summer precipitation in the SRTR showed notably different responses to the monsoon variability among the 14 stations studied; (ii) the influence of the EASM and SASM on summer precipitation was stronger in the southern and eastern SRTR; but (iii) this influence quickly dampened from southeast to northwest and became almost indiscernible in the northwestern SRTR. This research may help to increase the accuracy of long-term monsoon-rainfall prediction and improve water resource management in the SRTR.  相似文献   

三江源区径流演变及其对气候变化的响应   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

张永勇  张士锋  翟晓燕  夏军 《地理学报》2012,67(1):71-82

利用水循环模型、统计检测、对比分析等手段对三江源区水循环过程进行了分析,模拟和检测了1958-2005 年黄河源区出口唐乃亥站、长江源区直门达站、澜沧江源区昌都站汛期、非汛期和年径流过程的变化趋势。在此基础上,检测CSIRO和NCAR两种气候模式A1B和B1 排放情景下未来2010-2039 年源区出口断面的径流演变趋势,对比分析了气候变化的影响。研究表明过去48 年三江源区出口唐乃亥站年径流和非汛期径流过程呈显著减少趋势,而直门达和昌都站径流过程变化趋势并不显著。这将导致对黄河中下游地区的水资源补给显著减少,加剧黄河流域水资源短缺。气候变化背景下,未来30 年黄河源区径流量与现状相比有所减少,尤其是在非汛期,将持续加剧黄河中下游流域水资源短缺的现象。长江源区径流量将呈增加趋势,而且远远高于现状流量,尤其是在汛期,长江中下游地区防洪形势严峻。而澜沧江源区未来30 年径流量均高于现状流量,但汛期和年径流变化并不显著,而非汛期径流变化存在不确定性,CSIRO模式B1 情景显著减小,而NCAR模式B1 情景显著增加。气候变化对长江源区径流影响最显著,黄河源区其次,而澜沧江源区最小。  相似文献   

A roughness-corrected index of relative bed stability for regional stream surveys   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Philip R. Kaufmann  John M. Faustini  David P. Larsen  Mostafa A. Shirazi   《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):150-170

Quantitative regional assessments of streambed sedimentation and its likely causes are hampered because field investigations typically lack the requisite sample size, measurements, or precision for sound geomorphic and statistical interpretation. We adapted an index of relative bed stability (RBS) for data calculated from a national stream survey field protocol to enable general evaluation of bed stability and anthropogenic sedimentation in synoptic ecological surveys. RBS is the ratio of bed surface geometric mean particle diameter (D_gm) divided by estimated critical diameter (D_cbf) at bankfull flow, based on a modified Shield's criterion for incipient motion. Application of RBS to adequately depict bed stability in complex natural streams, however, has been limited because typical calculations of RBS do not explicitly account for reductions in bed shear stress that result from channel form roughness. We modified the index (RBS) to incorporate the reduction in bed shear stress available for sediment transport that results from the hydraulic resistance of large wood and longitudinal irregularities in channel dimensions (“form roughness”). Based on dimensional analysis, we derived an adjustment to bankfull shear stress by multiplying the bankfull hydraulic radius (R_bf) by the one-third power of the ratio of particle-derived resistance to total hydraulic resistance (C_p/C_t)^1/3, where both resistances are empirically based calculations. We computed C_p using a Keulegan equation relating resistance to relative submergence of bed particles. We then derived an empirical equation to predict reach-scale hydraulic resistance C_t from thalweg mean depth, thalweg mean residual depth, and large wood volume based on field dye transit studies, in which total hydraulic resistance C_t was measured over a wide range of natural stream channel complexity, including manipulation of large wood volumes. We tested our estimates of C_t and RBS by applying them to data from a summer low flow probability sample of 104 wadeable stream reaches in the Coastal Ecoregion of Oregon and Washington, USA. Stream discharges calculated using these C_t estimates compared favorably with velocity–area measurements of discharge during summer low flow, and with the range of 1 to 2-year recurrence floods (scaled by drainage area) at U.S.Geological Survey gauged sites in the same region. Log [RBS] ranged from − 4.2 to + 0.98 in the survey region. D_gm ranged from silt to boulders, while estimated bankfull critical diameter, D_cbf, ranged from very fine gravel to large boulders. The median value of D_cbf (adjusted for form roughness influences) averaged 40% (inter quartile range 28 to 59%) of the unadjusted estimate D_cbf. Log[RBS] was consistently negatively related to human disturbances likely to produce excess sediment inputs or hydrologic alteration. Log [RBS] ranged from − 1.9 to + 0.5 in the streams within the lower quartile of human disturbance in their basin and riparian areas and was substantially lower (− 4.2 to − 1.1) in streams within the upper quartile of human disturbance. The synoptic survey methods and designs we used appear adequate to evaluate regional patterns in bed stability and sedimentation and their general relationship to human disturbances. Although the RBS concept also shows promise for evaluating sediment and bed stability in individual streams, our approach is relatively coarse, so site-specific assessments using these rapid field methods might prudently be confined to identifying severe cases of sedimentation or channel alteration. Greater confidence to discern subtle differences in site-specific assessments could be gained by calculating RBS using more precise field measurements of channel slope, bed particle size and bankfull dimensions, and by refining our adjustments for energy loss from channel form roughness.  相似文献   

祖厉河流域近50a降水变化及典型人类活动对降水的影响     

韩通  陈少勇  乔立 《干旱气象》2009,27(3):220-226,244

对祖厉河流域近50 a 降水资料的分析结果表明:祖厉河主流域区等降水量线纬向分布特征明显,降水量随纬度增高而减少;在流域南部和东北部高度差大的地方,降水量随高度增高而增加;受地形影响,祖厉河中下游有一条干舌自西北向东南伸到流域东部边缘,与周边区域相比,干舌区降水偏少90～140 mm.近50 a祖厉河流域降水显著减少,区域平均减少106.4 mm.小波分析表明,25 a以上和10 a左右的降水变化周期很明显,目前处于偏少期;区域平均降水量从20世纪60年代后期开始减少,1986年发生了突变,之后迅速减少.流域内降水季节分配很不均匀,夏季降水最多,占年降水的55%,春、秋季均占年降水的21%,冬季占年降水的3%;春、夏季降水减少不显著,秋季降水减少显著,但进入本世纪,秋雨开始增多,冬季降水有不显著的增多趋势.中下游过度垦殖及河流源头过多的小水利工程等人类活动造成地表状况变化,降水有加剧减少的迹象;流域外大量调水虽然对降水不足有相当的补偿作用,但地表调水显然没有使流域内的天然降水量增加;地表植被增加和人类活动对地表影响较小的区域降水减少比较缓慢.  相似文献   

Isotopic features of rivers and groundwater of the Parma Province (Northern Italy) and their relationships with precipitation     

P. Iacumin  G. VenturelliE. Selmo 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2009

The Enza, Parma, Baganza, Taro and Po rivers and several waters from aquifers of the area of the Parma town (northern Italy) have been investigated for oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. Enza, Parma, Baganza and Taro differ from Po in having higher isotope ratios and the Taro River exhibits an isotope ratio higher than those of Enza, Parma and Baganza. The low values of Po are due to the dominant contribution of waters coming from glaciers and precipitation occurring along the Alps. The high values of the Taro River are probably due to the fact that its catchment basin extends close to the Tyrrhenian sea and is well opened to perturbations coming from the west. The isotopic values of the present day precipitations occurring along the northern Apennine piedmont area are lower than in rivers. On the contrary, the rivers resemble waters issuing from springs located close the Apennine ridge; the isotopic values of the last waters probably approach those in the precipitation occurring at present along the Apennine ridge. Reasonably, the low isotope values recorded in precipitation of the Apennines piedmont area are due to cold air masses invading the Po plain from N or NE rather than only to the change in the regime of precipitation (higher amount in cold periods, lower amount in the hot periods). Waters of the aquifer of the Po plain have been investigated in the Priorato, Parola and Parma fields (Parma Province). The aquifers are largely fed by the surface hydrographic system: their waters have constant isotopic composition and resemble waters of the Apennines rivers. They are also isotopically similar to the average precipitation occurring from 1995 to 2006, but differ largely from recent (2003–2005) precipitation. Minor isotopic variations recorded in a well of the Priorato field suggest that this well is partly fed by local precipitation.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

G.J. Chakrapani  R.K. Saini 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,35(6):545-553

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).  相似文献   

我国西部"五江一河"可供跨流域调取的水量究竟有多少? ——二评"红旗河工程"构想     

赵希涛  魏乐军 《地球学报》2019,40(3):492-506

以青藏高原南部为主体的我国西部大江大河,可供跨流域调取的水资源量究竟有多少?是决定向西北干旱区调水成功与否的前提条件之一。因此,本文关注的焦点是:我国西部诸江河究竟有多少水资源量?能否达到"红旗河"构想的每年600亿m~3的调水量?本文依据各类文献资料中有关"红旗河"拟取水的"五江一河"各节点上、下游水文站及相关水电站的多年平均径流量及年际变化数据,估算并厘定出各取水节点的年平均水资源量为:雅鲁藏布江600×10~8m~3,帕隆藏布与易贡藏布合计320×10~8m~3,怒江320×10~8 m~3,澜沧江200×10~8 m~3,金沙江313×10~8 m~3,雅砻江250×10~8 m~3和大渡河210×10~8 m~3。按照S4679课题组和王浩院士所给出的国际通行的20%跨流域调水比例或21%的"红旗河"标准,本文匡算出"五江一河"理想的可调取水量为442.6×10~8m~3或464.7×10~8m~3,不足S4679课题组构想的600×10~8m~3调水量的78%。如果南水北调西线规划得以实施,则"红旗河"难以从金沙江、雅砻江和大渡河这三个节点全额调水,长江上源只有大渡河(18.5～20.6)×10~8m~3的水量可资利用。这种情形下,本文匡算出可供"红旗河"调取的总水量为(288～323.0)×10~8 m~3,只有S4679课题组构想调水量的大约一半,充其量不到54%。  相似文献   

40a来江河源区的气候变化特征及其生态环境效应   总被引：68，自引：19，他引：68  

王根绪  李琪  程国栋  沈永平 《冰川冻土》2001,23(4):346-352

通过江河源区分布的5个气象台站有关气温与降水的多年数据，分析了近40a来江河源区的气候变化特征，结果表明，近40a来江河源区气候变化的总趋势是气温升高，降水量增加，但降水量的增加主要体现在春季降水和近15a来冬季降水的明显增加上，对植被生长起重要作用的夏季降水量却呈明显减少趋势；江河源区20世纪80年代10a平均气温比50年代高0.12～0.9℃，大部分地区高于0.3℃，属于青藏高原高温区或升温幅度最大的地区之一，平均升温0.44℃，明显比全国平均升温0.2℃要高出一倍，在这种背景下，与植被生长关系密切的4、5月和9月气温呈现持续下降态势，江河源区脆弱的生态环境体系对气候的这种变化响应强烈，冰川退缩，多年冻土消融加剧，导致大范围高寒草甸与草原被植退化。  相似文献   

New methods for assessing freshwaters in Germany     

Daniel Hering  Jürgen Bhmer  Peter Haase  Jochen Schaumburg 《Limnologica》2004,34(4):281-282

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