Annual regime of bedforms, roughness and flow resistance, Lillooet River, British Columbia, BC     

Mariëtte T. H. Prent  Edward J. Hickin   《Geomorphology》2001,41(4):12

A field study to examine the statistical character of dune morphology and the correlation among dune morphology, discharge, and flow resistance was conducted in a meandering reach of Lillooet River, near Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada. The field season spanned the 1995/1996 hydrologic year with sample day discharge events ranging between 33 and 425 m³ s⁻¹. Surveys of the bed morphology along the thalweg in two dune fields (A and B) were completed using an echo sounder with chart recorder that enabled the measurement of more than 4000 dunes. Dune height ranged between 0.08 and 0.96 m, length between 2.01 and 20.99 m, and steepness between 0.02 and 0.10. Histograms of each dune shape (height, length, steepness) sample most often displayed positive skewness and non-Gaussian distributions (Gamma, Beta, and Weibull); median sample height and length histograms displayed positive skewness; and steepness was nearly Gaussian. Histograms of all dimensionless dunes (i.e., measurement divided by average measurement of sample) were Gaussian and slightly leptokurtic. Neither the height nor length of dunes measured in this investigation were successfully predicted by the empirical models of Allen [Allen, J.R.L., 1984. Developments in Sedimentology. Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis, 2nd edn. Elsevier, New York, vol. 30 (A and B), 1256 pp.], Fredsøe [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 108(HY8) (1982) 932.], or Yalin [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 90(HY5) (1964) 105.]. Least-squares regression models for dune–height relations produced here are similar to models published by other field researchers; regression models for dune length only conform to those developed elsewhere if the discharge of the study rivers was similar. The energy gradient in dune field A varied within a smaller range than in field B, enabling dune size to become more fully equilibrated with respect to flow environment. Although the average Froude numbers were much less than critical, dunes appeared to wash out towards a plane bed as discharge increased due to a change from a bedload to suspended-load dominated sediment-transport regime. Flow resistance increased most rapidly during changes in base flow and at the beginning and end of the seasonal flood; resistance tended to be smaller in field A than B, reflecting local differences in energy gradient. Flow resistance increased until a dune steepness of 0.070 was attained and then decreased. The steepness value was considered to be coincident with kolk generation [Dyer, K.R., 1986. Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics. Wiley, NY, 342 pp.], suggesting that macroturbulent flow structures play an important role in defining the roughness of dunes on a channel bed.  相似文献   

Parameterization of exchange processes over a barley field     

Meelis Mölder 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,84(3):341-361

Wind and temperature profiles and surface radiation temperature were measured over barley during two observation periods in Estonia. The calculated displacement height (d) could be taken as 3/4 and 2/3 of the canopy height (h) for a dense and a moderate canopy respectively. The roughness length for wind speed was best approximated with the relation z_0u = 0.3(h - d). The excess resistance to heat exchange kB^-1 was the most doubtful parameter, but it was concluded that kB^-1 = 2 is a good estimate for the time being.  相似文献   

黑河试验区沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数   总被引：42，自引：18，他引：42  

左洪超  胡隐樵 《高原气象》1992,1(4):371-380

本文利用黑河试验(HEIFE)1990年8月16日—9月15日的观测资料,对沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数进行了研究。结果表明:沙漠和戈壁的中性总体输送系数分别为2.2×10~(-3)和1.6×10~(-3),对应的粗糙度分别为4.5×10~(-3)和1.7×10~(-3)m。中性总体输送系数随风速无明显变化。 文中还求得总体输送系数与总体理查逊数及粗糙度之间的拟合关系式。并利用黑河试验其它时段的观测资料对它的适用性做了初步检验。  相似文献   

Palaeovelocity: A parsimonious proposal     

Michael Church  John Wolcott  Judith Maizels 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(5):475-480

Using data collected in her field studies, Maizels (1983) compared five methods of calculating palaeovelocity from coarse gravel deposits. Her paper indicated that the five methods provide estimates which differ by up to 2 x. There are several errors in the published equations, however. Upon correction, the smallest estimate is within 3% per cent of the largest. Other published data sets suggest that the distinction among a variety of palaeovelocity equations is not worth pursuing in light of the amount of scatter in typical data. This paper recommends use of the Thompson and Campbell (1979) modification of the basic Keulegan flow resistance equation because it fits the data as well as any other, whilst covering a more comprehensive range of flow conditions. Problems of appropriate roughness length and entrainmnet function remain.  相似文献   

Evidence of Interaction Between Synoptic and Local Scales in the Surface Layer over the Paris Area     

Laurent Menut  Cyrille Flamant  Jacques Pelon 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,93(2):269-286

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黄河源高寒湿地-大气间暖季水热交换特征及关键影响参数研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

陈金雷  文军  王欣  张堂堂  贾东于  周娟  王作亮 《大气科学》2017,41(2):302-312

湿地是由陆地和水体形成的自然综合体,具有重要的生态、水文和生物地球化学功能,黄河源高寒湿地作为黄河重要的水源涵养区,对其下垫面水热交换特征及关键影响参数的研究具有非常重要的意义。本文利用中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院麻多黄河源气候与环境变化观测站2014年6~8月观测资料,分析了黄河源区高寒湿地-大气间暖季水热交换特征,并利用公用陆面模式（Community Land Model,简称CLM）模拟了热通量变化,提出针对高寒湿地的粗糙度优化方案。主要结果如下:（1）暖季向上、向下短波与净辐射的平均日变化规律一致,向上、向下长波平均日变化平缓,地表温度升高相对于向下短波具有滞后性,潜热通量始终为正值并大于感热通量;（2）温度变化显著层结为20 cm以上土壤浅层,存在明显的日循环规律,土壤中热量09:00（北京时,下同）下传至5 cm深度,温度升高,11:00至10 cm深度,13:00至20 cm深度,18:00后开始上传,温度降低,40 cm及以下深度受此影响较小,热量在土壤中整体由浅层向深层输送;（3）土壤湿度平均日变化小,5 cm深度为土壤湿度最小层,10 cm深度为最大层;（4）麻多高寒湿地动力学粗糙度Z_0m在暖季变化稳定,可作为常数,Z_0m=0.0143 m;（5）提出更加适合高寒湿地下垫面暖季附加阻尼kB-1参数化方案,使得热通量模拟效果较CLM原始方案有所提高。以上结果对于研究湿地下垫面陆面过程具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Turbulence Characteristics of the Stable Boundary Layer Over a Mid-Latitude Glacier. Part I: A Combination of Katabatic and Large-Scale Forcing   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

C. J. P. P. Smeets  P. G. Duynkerke  H. F. Vugts 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(1):117-145

Profile and eddy-correlation (heights of 4 and 10 m) measurements performed on the Pasterze glacier (Austria) are used to study the characteristics of the stable boundary layer under conditions of katabatic and large-scale forcing. We consider cases where large-scale forcing results in a downslope (or following) ambient wind. The analysis of averaged spectra and cospectra reveals low frequency perturbations that have a large influence on the variances of temperature and horizontal wind components and also alter the cospectra of momentum and sensible heat flux. Only the spectrum of the vertical wind speed is comparable to universal spectra. The low frequency perturbations occur as brief intermittent events and result in downward entrainment of ambient air thereby producing enhanced downward sensible heat fluxes and downward as well as upward momentum fluxes with various magnitudes and timescales. After the variances were high pass filtered, the normalised standard deviations of wind speed and temperature compare favourably to findings in the literature within the range 0>z/L>0.5. For larger z/L they deviate as a result of an increased influence from low frequency perturbations and thus non-stationarity. In line with this, the turbulent kinetic energy budget (at 4 m height) indicates that production (shear) is in balance with destruction (buoyancy and dissipation) within the range 0>z/L>0.3. Non-dimensional gradients of wind speed within the range 0>z/L>0.3 have a slope of about 3.5. The scatter for the dimensionless temperature gradient is quite large, and the slope is comparable to that for wind speed gradients. For z/L>0.3 the imbalance in the turbulent kinetic energy budget grows and non-dimensional gradients for wind speed and temperature deviate considerably from accepted values as a result of increased non-stationarity. Average roughness lengths for momentum and sensible heat flux derived from wind speed and temperature profiles are respectively 1 × 10^-3 m and 6 × 10^-5 m, consistent with the literature. The ratio (z_0h/z_0m) compares to those predicted by surface renewal models. A variation of this ratio with the roughness Reynolds number is not indicated by our data.  相似文献   

Surface Flux Parameterization in the Tibetan Plateau   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

Kun Yang  Toshio Koike  Dawen Yang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(2):245-262

This study investigates some basic aspects related to surface-flux parameterization in the Tibetan Plateau, based on the measurement at three sites. These sites are essentially flat and covered by very sparse and short grasses in the monsoon season. The main contributions include: (1) an optimization technique is proposed to estimate aerodynamic roughness length based on wind and temperature profiles. The approach is not sensitive to random measurement errors if the number of data samples is large enough. The optimized values reasonably vary with surface characteristics. (2) At the three sites, kB^-1 (the logarithm of the ratio of aerodynamic roughness length to thermal roughness length) experiences seasonal and diurnal variations in addition to a dependence on surface types. The mean values for the individual sites vary over a range of 2.7 to 6.4 with large standard deviations. (3) A formula for estimatingthe value of kB^-1 isproposed to account for the effect of seasonal variation of aerodynamic roughness length and diurnal variation of surface temperature. With the formula, the flux parameterization with surface temperature estimates sensible heat flux better than profile parameterization for all the sites.  相似文献   

城市表面粗糙度长度的确定   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

张强  吕世华 《高原气象》2003,22(1):24-32

讨论了动量粗糙度长度与热量和水汽等标量粗糙度长度在形式上和物理本质上的不同，以及造成这些不同的原因和条件，分析了决定动量粗糙度的几种因素，并给出了确定动量粗糙度长度的简化关系式，并且根据城市冠层与其上惯性次层能量和动量守衡的原因，建立了热量和水汽粗糙度与动量粗糙度之间的联系，得到了确定热量和水汽粗糙度长度的简化关系式，最后，通过数值试验，表明了动量粗糙度和标量粗糙度变化特征以及对一些主要参数的敏感程度，以及动量粗糙度与标量粗糙度的动态关系。  相似文献   

A New Method for In-situ Non-contact Roughness Measurement of Large Rock Fracture Surfaces   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Q. Feng  N. Fardin  L. Jing  O. Stephansson 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2003,36(1):3-25

Summary This paper presents a new method for in-situ non-contact measurements of fracture roughness by using a total station (TS). The TS is a non-reflector geodetic instrument usually used for measuring control points in surveying and mapping. By using a special-developed program, the TS can be used as a point-sensor laser scanner to scan a defined area of the fracture surface automatically, in field or in laboratory, at a distance away from the target surface. A large fracture surface can be automatically scanned with a constant interval of the sampling points, both within a defined area or along a cross-section of the exposed rock face. To quantify fracture roughness at different scales and obtain different densities of the scanned points, the point interval can be selected with the minimum interval of 1 mm. A local Cartesian co-ordinate system needs to be established first by the TS in front of the target rock face to define the true North or link the measurements to a known spatial co-ordinate system for both quantitative and spatial analysis of fracture roughness. To validate the method, fracture roughness data recorded with a non-reflector TS was compared with the data captured by a high-accuracy 3D-laser scanner. Results of this study revealed that both primary roughness and waviness of fracture surfaces can be quantified by the TS in the same accuracy level as that of the high accuracy laser scanner. Roughness of a natural fracture surface can be sampled without physical contact in a maximum distance of tens of meters from the rock faces. Received May 24, 2001; accepted July 24, 2002; Published online November 19, 2002  相似文献