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91.
92.
本文结合作者目前所从事的城镇地籍数据库建设工作的相关经验,论述了城镇地籍数据库建设面临数据不断更新的需求,并基于城镇地籍管理信息系统,提出了一整套具有实际操作意义的城镇地籍数据更新、数据监理、数据入库模块的设计方案。 相似文献
93.
运用归一化光谱混合模型分析城市地表组成 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
运用归一化光谱混合分析(NSMA)方法,用ETM 数据调查广州市海珠区城市地表组成,采用亮度标准化方法减小亮度变化。通过标准化,使亮度差异在每个植被-非渗透性表面-土壤-水体(V-I-S-W)组成中减小或者消除,这样使得一个单一的端元能够代表一种地表组分。在此基础上,通过归一化影像,选择了植被、非渗透性表面、土壤和水体4种端元,运用一种约束光谱混合分析(SMA)模型,分解了不同种类的城市地表组成。通过与已有模型计算结果比较,认为本文所构建的模型较优,其对研究区非渗透性表面估计的均方根误差为12.6%。 相似文献
94.
The apportionment of atmospheric aerosols undertaken in Northern France during two sampling campaigns allowed to determine the influence of the atmospheric contribution of a heavy industrialized urban center on the particulate matter composition at a nearby rural site. The concentrations of major components and trace elements sampled by bulk filtration have been determined on June–July 2000 and January–February 2001, and the comparison of these two campaigns shows very well the importance of wind directions. The sources of 10 trace elements (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Sr, Ti and Zn) and 7 major components (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na, Mg and Ca) are better identified by studying their elemental contribution at each sampling site according to wind sectors. This kind of study shows that the concentrations recorded at the urban sampling site are always higher than those observed at the rural site as well during the summer campaign (about + 35%) as during the winter campaign (+ 90%), because of the predominance of the W–NW wind sector, corresponding to the influence of the urban and industrialized areas. 相似文献
95.
M. J. Best C. S. B. Grimmond Maria Gabriella Villani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(3):503-525
The UK Met Office has introduced a new scheme for its urban tile in MOSES 2.2 (Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme version 2.2), which is currently implemented within the operational Met Office weather forecasting model. Here, the performance of the urban tile is evaluated in two urban areas: the historic core of downtown Mexico City and a light industrial site in Vancouver, Canada. The sites differ in terms of building structures and mean building heights. In both cases vegetation cover is less than 5%. The evaluation is based on surface energy balance flux measurements conducted at approximately the blending height, which is the location where the surface scheme passes flux data into the atmospheric model. At both sites, MOSES 2.2 correctly simulates the net radiation, but there are discrepancies in the partitioning of turbulent and storage heat fluxes between predicted and observed values. Of the turbulent fluxes, latent heat fluxes were underpredicted by about one order of magnitude. Multiple model runs revealed MOSES 2.2 to be sensitive to changes in the canopy heat storage and in the ratio between the aerodynamic roughness length and that for heat transfer (temperature). Model performance was optimum with heat capacity values smaller than those generally considered for these sites. The results suggest that the current scheme is probably too simple, and that improvements may be obtained by increasing the complexity of the model. 相似文献
96.
Numerical weather prediction models are increasingly employed for providing meteorological data for urban air quality applications.
Model resolution, physiographic parameters and surface-layer parameterisations need to be adapted to the requirements of the
urban boundary layer. The Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service was triple-nested down to a horizontal grid resolution
of 1.1 km, urbanised physiographic parameters were implemented, and an additional anthropogenic heat source was introduced.
Results of a sensitivity study for a spring dust episode in Helsinki show a clear urbanisation effect of these measures on
temperature, humidity and the partitioning of surface fluxes, leading to an increased Bowen ratio and heat storage and an
urban heat island effect. 相似文献
97.
In the first part of this study, results of a computational fluid dynamics simulation over an array of cubes have been validated
against a set of wind-tunnel measurements. In Part II, such numerical results are used to investigate spatially-averaged properties
of the flow and passive tracer dispersion that are of interest for high resolution urban mesoscale modelling (e.g. non resolved
obstacle approaches). The results show that vertical profiles of mean horizontal wind are linear within the canopy and logarithmic
above. The drag coefficient, derived from the numerical results using the classical formula for the drag force, is height
dependent (it decreases with height). However, a modification of the formula is proposed (accounting for subgrid velocity
scales) that makes the drag coefficient constant with height. Results also show that the dispersive fluxes are similar in
magnitude to the turbulent fluxes, and that they play a very important role within the canopy. Vertical profiles of turbulent
length scales (to be used in k–l closure schemes, where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and l a turbulent length scale) are also derived. Finally the distribution of the values around the mean over the reference volumes
are analysed for wind and tracer concentrations. 相似文献
98.
Andrew J. Murphy 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):941-953
This paper addresses the materiality of computer-mediated retailing. The paper uncovers the “hidden geography” of e-commerce, considering how the seemingly simple act of doorstep food delivery is explicated in urban form, and in transportation and communication infrastructures. The paper categorises electronic grocery shopping (EGS) enterprises into three types: “bricks and clicks”, “pure-play” and the “infomediary”, and examines how each type of operation has been materialised in the urban landscape, and the infrastructure upon which each draws. The paper then considers the strategies EGS operations have used to offset the “killer costs” of logistics for electronic commerce. The paper concludes by considering how electronic grocery shopping is embedded within broader trends in consumer behaviour, and how these trends are manifested in the materiality of urban life. The paper argues that online grocers are in the vanguard of ventures habituating customers to the remote ordering and delayed delivery of products to the home. Through controlling this “last mile”, online retailers hope to extend the product offer to higher-margin and more problematic products, which are in themselves unprofitable to distribute direct to the customer, but which can be profitably combined with a grocery shop. 相似文献
99.
100.
用南京大学多尺度模式系统在不同区域进行了多种人为热源引入方案的研究,结果表明:考虑时空变化的人为热源按比例分别引入到地表能量平衡方程和大气热量守恒方程是将人为热源引入模式的最优方案.人为热通量密度变化的敏感性试验结果发现:人为热源的存在对城市热岛的生成有重要作用.计算结果表明,南京现有的人为热源排放量对该地区的城市热岛贡献率约为296%,若人为热通量密度在现有量值的基础上增大1倍,则其热岛贡献率可达429%;此外,人为热的排放对清晨城市边界层逆温结构有一定程度的破坏作用,能明显升高夜间近地层气温达05~10℃,并能使白天湍流活动的影响范围增大,混合层高度抬高,使夜间城市热岛环流的影响范围扩大. 相似文献