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91.
Mountain regions are subject to a variety of hazardous processes. Earthquakes, landslides, snow avalanches, floods, debris
flows, epidemics and fires, among other processes, have caused injury, death, damage and destruction. They also face challenges
from increased populations, and expansion and intensification of␣activities, land uses and infrastructure. The combination
of a dynamic bio- geophysical environment and intensified human use has increased the vulnerability of mountain social–ecological
systems to risk from hazards. The ability of social–ecological systems to build resilience in the context of hazards is an
important factor in their long-term sustainability. The role of resilience building in understanding the impact of hazards
in mountain areas is examined and illustrated, in part, through examples from Canada and India. Resilient social–ecological
systems have the ability to learn and adjust, use all forms of knowledge, to self-organize and to develop positive institutional
linkages with other social–ecological systems in the face of hazards. The analysis suggests that traditional social–ecological
systems built resilience through avoidance, which was effective for localized hazards. The more recent development and implementation
of cross-scale institutional linkages is shown to be a particularly effective means of resilience building in mountain social–ecological
systems in the face of all hazards. 相似文献
92.
Small island developing states (or SIDS) are exposed to a large number of natural hazards and many characteristics of small
island developing states make them particularly vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards. In spite of this acknowledged vulnerability, there are relatively few studies which focus
on the impacts of natural hazards in these countries. This paper presents a review of our current state of knowledge of impacts
in small island developing states and highlights a number of research needs. Central to these is the need to integrate natural
hazards research within a sustainable development context and the need to exploit existing procedures such as government coordinated
disaster impact assessments to generate a detailed understanding of natural hazards impacts. 相似文献
93.
Standardization of vulnerability maps 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Groundwater vulnerability assessment schemes are used for the estimation of potential groundwater contamination at different
scales and on different administrative levels. However, the term vulnerability is not standardized and the available methods
are not able to give a unique assessment of vulnerability creating thus uncertainty in the interpretation and in further application
concerning decision creation processes. To judge the information of vulnerability maps certainly and to value the general
trends of vulnerability assessment of different methods, four different vulnerability methods of the parametric system group
have been applied on a karst area in southwestern Germany to perform a comparative assessment and correlation of these vulnerability
assessment methods, namely DRASTIC, PI, EPIK, and GLA. It is shown that by means of simple statistical considerations the
first highly different vulnerability maps could be made more coherent after reclassification. The reclassified vulnerability
assessments show a more consistent vulnerability distribution pattern and provide the possibility of area-wide validation
of the maps as the chosen vulnerability classification is theoretically connected to the mean transit time of percolation
water and is largely independent of the applied vulnerability assessment method. 相似文献
94.
How might geographers respond ‘generously’ to a disaster on the scale of the Indian Ocean tsunami? Critical geographers and other left intellectuals have chosen to stress the way pre-existing social forces conditioned human vulnerability, and have implied that ordinary people ‘here’ were implicated in the suffering of others ‘there’ through their positioning in chains of causality. Critics have also sought to expose the bias, unjustness and inappropriateness of post-tsunami patterns of donation and programs of aid and recovery. A supplement to this mode of critique is offered in the form of a view of disasters and human vulnerability that hinges on the idea of the self as ‘radically passive’: that is, as inherently receptive to both the stimuli that cause suffering, and to the demands of others who are suffering. All forms of thought – including geography and disaster studies should themselves be seen as ‘vulnerable’ and responsive to the impact to disasters. The idea that every ‘self’ bears the trace of past disasters – and past gifts of others – forms the basis of a vision of bodies and communities as always already ‘fractured’ by disaster – in ways which resist being ‘brought to light’. This offers a way of integrating human and physical geographies through a shared acknowledgement of what is unknowable and absent. It is also suggestive that gratitude might be an appropriate response to a sense of indebtedness to others – for who we are, as much as for what we have done. 相似文献
95.
Estimating the confidence of earthquake damage scenarios: examples from a logic tree approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Earthquake loss estimation is now becoming an important tool in mitigation planning, where the loss modeling usually is based
on a parameterized mathematical representation of the damage problem. In parallel with the development and improvement of
such models, the question of sensitivity to parameters that carry uncertainties becomes increasingly important. We have to
this end applied the capacity spectrum method (CSM) as described in FEMA HAZUS-MH. Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, Earthquake Model, Advanced Engineering Building Module. Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States (2003), and investigated the effects of selected parameters. The results demonstrate that loss scenarios may easily vary by as
much as a factor of two because of simple parameter variations. Of particular importance for the uncertainty is the construction quality of the structure. These results represent a warning against simple acceptance of unbounded damage scenarios and strongly
support the development of computational methods in which parameter uncertainties are propagated through the computations
to facilitate confidence bounds for the damage scenarios. 相似文献
96.
An earthquake scenario for the microzonation of Sofia and the vulnerability of structures designed by use of the Eurocodes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Paskaleva Ivanka Dimova Silvia G.F. Panza Giuliano Vaccari Franco 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2007,27(11):1028-1041
The study of the site effects and the microzonation of a part of the metropolitan Sofia, based on the modelling of seismic ground motion along three cross-sections are performed. Realistic synthetic strong motion waveforms are computed for scenario earthquakes (M=7) applying a hybrid modelling method, based on the modal summation technique and finite differences scheme. The synthesized ground motion time histories are source and site specific. The site amplification is determined in terms of response spectra ratio (RSR). A suite of time histories and quantities of earthquake engineering interest are provided. The results of this study constitute a “database” that describes the ground shaking of the urban area. A case study of experiment-based assessment of vulnerability of a cast-in-situ single storey, industrial, reinforced concrete frame, designed according to Eurocodes 2 and 8 is presented. The main characteristics of damage index and storey drift are discussed for the purposes of microzonation. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
An environmental history of the Leliefontein community of Namaqualand, Northern Cape provides a detailed case of the nexus between social and ecological stresses shaping livelihood change. By combining an historical proxy precipitation data set with a livelihood change study the value of historical research in integrated studies of past human-environment systems is illustrated. The identification of effective livelihood adaptation to extreme climatic conditions is examined, illustrating the tradeoffs made between adaptation and ‘coping’ strategies which were unsuccessful over the long term. During the course of the 19th century the Namaqua Khoikhoi population changed from a sustainable nomadic pastoral community to a poverty stricken rural community with a diversity of livelihood strategies. For the Namaqua increased livelihood diversity – usually an effective adaptation in times of stress – instead of promoting resilience, contributed to their material decline. Widespread transhumance between different climatic regions is shown to have been a successful adaptation to climatic extremes, but external economic exposure and restricted access to land become drivers of decline. The ‘double exposure’ framework used in contemporary studies, proved useful in accounting for this decline as it can accommodate both environmental and economic stressors. 相似文献
100.
在地下水水质现状、地下水污染趋势、含水层固有脆弱性、污染源荷载风险、地下水污染危害性五个要素的基础上建立了地下水污染预警评价指标体系,利用GIS组件开发技术,与地下水污染预警模型相结合,采用VB.NET+Arc GIS和Engine+Access集成的组件式GIS二次开发模式,开发可脱离GIS平台独立运行的地下水污染预警系统。系统可分别进行研究区域的水质评价、水质预测、含水层固有脆弱性评价、污染源荷载风险计算、污染风险评价、污染预警分析。对典型水源地地区地下水环境污染的警度进行识别,对即将可能出现的警情进行预报,并依据警度划分了防护治理区、重点防护区和一般防护区,提出了相应的防治措施,为政府部门制定地下水污染防治规划服务。 相似文献