Improving the vegetation dynamic simulation in a land surface model by using a statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme     

梁妙玲  谢正辉 《大气科学进展》2008,25(4):610-618

Canopy interception of incident precipitation, as a critical component of a forest＇s water budget, can affect the amount of water available to the soil, and ultimately vegetation distribution and function. In this paper, a statistical-dynamic approach based on leaf area index and statistical canopy interception is used to parameterize the canopy interception process. The statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme is implemented into the Community Land Model with dynamic global vegetation model （CLM-DGVM） to improve its dynamic vegetation simulation. The simulation for continental China by the land surface model with the new canopy interception scheme shows that the new one reasonably represents the precipitation intercepted by the canopy. Moreover, the new scheme enhances the water availability in the root zone for vegetation growth, especially in the densely vegetated and semi-arid areas, and improves the model＇s performance of potential vegetation simulation.  相似文献   

林木冠层光合有效辐射分布模拟的研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王占刚  庄大方  明涛 《地球信息科学学报》2008,10(6):697-702

简述了冠层辐射分布的常用研究方法,介绍了光线跟踪技术的原理及其在辐射传播中的应用。针对树木模型提出正向光线跟踪的辐射传输模型,并详细阐述了模型假设、处理流程与主要算法。该模型针对光合有效辐射在树木冠层中的传输过程,采用正向光线跟踪的方法进行模拟,最后利用HSV与RGB颜色空间转换的特殊方法,直观表达了冠层辐射分布结果。在叶片光学特征分析的基础上,将该模型应用于林木冠层PAR分布模拟中,以得到冠层的反射率、透射率和吸收率等重要参数。结果表明,模拟数据与实测数据偏差不大,验证了正向光线跟踪的辐射传输模拟是有效的。  相似文献   

Snow disappearance timing is dominated by forest effects on snow accumulation in warm winter climates of the Pacific Northwest,United States          下载免费PDF全文

Susan E. Dickerson‐Lange  Rolf F. Gersonde  Jason A. Hubbart  Timothy E. Link  Anne W. Nolin  Gwyneth H. Perry  Travis R. Roth  Nicholas E. Wayand  Jessica D. Lundquist 《水文研究》2017,31(10):1846-1862

Forests modify snow processes and affect snow water storage as well as snow disappearance timing. However, forest influences on snow accumulation and ablation vary with climate and topography and are therefore subject to temporal and spatial variability. We utilize multiple years of snow observations from across the Pacific Northwest, United States, to assess forest–snow interactions in the relatively warm winter conditions characteristic of maritime and transitional maritime–continental climates. We (a) quantify the difference in snow magnitude and disappearance timing between forests and open areas and (b) assess how forest modifications of snow accumulation and ablation combine to determine whether snow disappears later in the forest or in the open. We find that snow disappearance timing at 12 (out of 14) sites ranges from synchronous in the forest and open to snow persisting up to 13 weeks longer in the open relative to a forested area. By analyzing accumulation and ablation rates up to the day when snow first disappears from the forest, we find that the difference between accumulation rates in the open and forest is larger than the difference between ablation rates. Thus, canopy snow interception and subsequent loss, rather than ablation, set up longer snow duration in the open. However, at two relatively windy sites (hourly average wind speeds up to 8 and 17 m/s), differential snow disappearance timing is reversed: Snow persists 2–5 weeks longer in the forest. At the windiest sites, accumulation rates in the forest and open are similar. Ablation rates are higher in the open, but the difference between ablation rates in the forest and open at these sites is approximately equivalent to the difference at less windy sites. Thus, longer snow retention in the forest at the windiest sites is controlled by depositional differences rather than by reduced ablation rates. These findings suggest that improved quantification of forest effects on snow accumulation processes is needed to accurately predict the effect of forest management or natural disturbance on snow water resources.  相似文献   

Influence of forest and shrub canopies on precipitation partitioning and isotopic signatures          下载免费PDF全文

Chris Soulsby  Hannah Braun  Matthias Sprenger  Markus Weiler  Doerthe Tetzlaff 《水文研究》2017,31(24):4282-4296

Over a 4‐month summer period, we monitored how forest (Pinus sylvestris ) and heather moorland (Calluna spp. and Erica spp.) vegetation canopies altered the volume and isotopic composition of net precipitation (NP) in a southern boreal landscape in northern Scotland. During that summer period, interception losses were relatively high and higher under forests compared to moorland (46% of gross rainfall [GR] compared with 35%, respectively). Throughfall (TF) volumes exhibited marked spatial variability in forests, depending upon local canopy density, but were more evenly distributed under heather moorland. In the forest stands, stemflow was a relatively small canopy flow path accounting for only 0.9–1.6% of NP and only substantial in larger events. Overall, the isotopic composition of NP was not markedly affected by canopy interactions; temporal variation of stable water isotopes in TF closely corresponded to that of GR with differences of TF‐GR being ?0.52‰ for δ²H and ?0.14‰ for δ¹⁸O for forests and 0.29‰ for δ²H and ?0.04‰ for δ¹⁸O for heather moorland. These differences were close to, or within, analytical precision of isotope determination, though the greater differences under forest were statistically significant. Evidence for evaporative fractionation was generally restricted to low rainfall volumes in low intensity events, though at times, subtle effects of liquid–vapour moisture exchange and/or selective transmission though canopies were evident. Fractionation and other effects were more evident in stemflow but only marked in smaller events. The study confirmed earlier work that increased forest cover in the Scottish Highlands will likely cause an increase in interception and green water fluxes at the expenses of blue water fluxes to streams. However, the low‐energy, humid environment means that isotopic changes during such interactions will only have a minor overall effect on the isotopic composition of NP.  相似文献   

On the Formulation of Lagrangian Stochastic Models of Scalar Dispersion Within Plant Canopies     

A. M. Reynolds 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,86(2):333-344

Lagrangian stochastic models, quadratic in velocity and satisfying the well-mixed condition for two-dimensional Gaussian turbulence, are used to make predictions of scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. The non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of the well-mixed condition is shown to be non-trivial (i.e. different models produce different predictions for scalar dispersion). The best agreement between measured and predicted mean concentrations of scalars is shown to be obtained with a small sub-class of optimal models. This sub-class of optimal models includes Thomson's model (J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987), the simplest model that satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence, but does not include two other models identified recently as being in optimal agreement with the measured spread of tracers in a neutral boundary layer. It is therefore demonstrated that such models are not universal, i.e. applicable to a wide range of flows without readjustment of model parameters. Predictions for scalar dispersion in the model plant canopy are also obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 349–374, 1992). It is shown that, when used with a Gaussian velocity distribution or a maximum-missing-information velocity distribution, which accounts for the measured skewness and kurtosis of velocity statistics, the agreement between predictions obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson and measurements is as good as that obtained using Thomson's model.  相似文献   

Development of a Multi-Layer Urban Canopy Model for the Analysis of Energy Consumption in a Big City: Structure of the Urban Canopy Model and its Basic Performance   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Hiroaki?KondoEmail author  Yutaka?Genchi  Yukihiro?Kikegawa  Yukitaka?Ohashi  Hiroshi?Yoshikado  Hiroshi?Komiyama 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,116(3):395-421

A multilayer one-dimensional canopy model was developed to analyze the relationship between urban warming and the increase in energy consumption in a big city. The canopy model, which consists of one-dimensional diffusion equations with a drag force, has three major parameters: building width, distance between buildings, and vertical floor density distribution, which is the distribution of a ratio of the number of the buildings that are taller than some level to all the buildings in the area under consideration. In addition, a simplified radiative process in the canopy is introduced. Both the drag force of the buildings and the radiative process depend on the floor density distribution. The thermal characteristics of an urban canopy including the effects of anthropogenic heat are very complicated. Therefore, the focus of this research is mainly on the basic performance of an urban canopy without anthropogenic heat. First, the basic thermal characteristics of the urban canopy alone were investigated. The canopy model was then connected with a three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model, and on-line calculations were performed for 10 and 11 August, 2002 in Tokyo, Japan. The temperature near the ground surface at the bottom of the canopy was considerably improved by the calculation with the canopy model. However, a small difference remained between the calculation and the observation for minimum temperature. Deceleration of the wind was well reproduced for the velocity at the top of the building by the calculation with the canopy model, in which the floor density distribution was considered.  相似文献   

大气CO₂浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

刘建栋  刘文泉  于强  金之庆 《大气科学学报》2004,27(1):1-10

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光—光合作用响应曲线和CO₂—光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO₂浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析。单因子分析表明:晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO₂浓度升高而上升,当CO₂浓度由330×10^-6上升至660×10^-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7%;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0%,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7%;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9%。多因子综合数值分析表明:在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO₂变化响应更加敏感。本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘建栋  刘文泉  于强  金之庆 《南京气象学院学报》2004,27(1):1-10

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光-光合作用响应曲线和CO2-光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO2浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析.单因子分析表明晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO2浓度升高而上升,当CO2浓度由330×10-6上升至660×10-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7 %;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0 %,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7 %;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1 ℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9 %.多因子综合数值分析表明在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO2变化响应更加敏感.本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础.  相似文献   

Canopy foliar nitrogen retrieved from airborne hyperspectral imagery by correcting for canopy structure effects     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

A statistical relationship between canopy mass-based foliar nitrogen concentration (%N) and canopy bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, the interaction between leaf properties and canopy structure confounds the estimation of foliar nitrogen. The canopy scattering coefficient (the ratio of BRF and the directional area scattering factor, DASF) has recently been suggested for estimating %N as it suppresses the canopy structural effects on BRF. However, estimation of %N using the scattering coefficient has not yet been investigated for longer spectral wavelengths (>855 nm). We retrieved the canopy scattering coefficient for wavelengths between 400 and 2500 nm from airborne hyperspectral imagery, and then applied a continuous wavelet analysis (CWA) to the scattering coefficient in order to estimate %N. Predictions of %N were also made using partial least squares regression (PLSR). We found that %N can be accurately retrieved using CWA (R² = 0.65, RMSE = 0.33) when four wavelet features are combined, with CWA yielding a more accurate estimation than PLSR (R² = 0.47, RMSE = 0.41). We also found that the wavelet features most sensitive to %N variation in the visible region relate to chlorophyll absorption, while wavelet features in the shortwave infrared regions relate to protein and dry matter absorption. Our results confirm that %N can be retrieved using the scattering coefficient after correcting for canopy structural effect. With the aid of high-fidelity airborne or upcoming space-borne hyperspectral imagery, large-scale foliar nitrogen maps can be generated to improve the modeling of ecosystem processes as well as ecosystem-climate feedbacks.  相似文献   

Moisture transfer and phase change in unsaturated soils: an experimental study of two types of canopy effect     

ZuoYue He  JiDong Teng  Sheng Zhang  DaiChao Sheng 《寒旱区科学》2017,9(3):243-249

Canopy effect refers to the phenomenon in which moisture accumulates underneath an impervious cover. A canopy effect can lead to full saturation of the soil underneath the impervious cover. A recent theoretical study separates the canopy effect into two types. The first one is caused by evaporation-condensation in unsaturated soils, while the second one is induced by freezing-enhanced vapour transfer in unsaturated soils. To validate experimentally these two types of canopy effect and to reveal their mechanisms, moisture-migration experiments were carried out, using a newly developed laboratory apparatus for unsaturated frozen soils. Six conditions were applied to the calcareous sand, with different initial water contents and boundary temperatures. The results show that water content in the upper portion of the sample increased under an upward temperature gradient, and the increment of water content was greater if the soil was subjected to freezing. For the freezing cases, the depth of the peak water content was in line with the freezing front. And the greater the initial water content, the more the water content accumulated at the freezing front. However, a lower cooling rate seemed to facilitate vapour migration. For the unfrozen cases, the water content in the upper portion of the sample also increased; and the increases became more apparent with a higher initial moisture content. The temperature gradient can also inhibit the vapour migration. A less steep temperature gradient always resulted in a more notable inhibition effect. Test results seem to verify the theory of the canopy effect.  相似文献