酉阳伏羲洞景观资源特色及开发理念     

孙成国  邓亚东  杨洪勇  储兵  熊伟  李俊峰  李建波 《中国岩溶》2012,31(3):310-315

重庆酉阳伏羲洞不仅发育有洁白无瑕似千秋田的“边石坝”、酷似人脚的“仙人脚”、神似清朝将领佩戴的“将军帽”等独特的景观,而且洞穴规模宏伟、形态险峻秀美,洞宽多在10~20m,高多在20~35m,其中的“伏羲大厅”直径达130m,高达85m;龙宫石瀑布高43m,宽93m;擎天石柱高26m,直径3.5m;地下河川流不息,池水觥筹交错。为了充分发挥伏羲洞景观资源优势,促进酉阳旅游业的发展,本文在分析酉阳伏羲洞景观资源特色、资源价值的基础上,提出了突出“神秘”特色、强化科普性与趣味性,以及以人为本,尊重自然生态,开发与保护并重的开发规划理念。与此同时,还认为灯光配套对突出伏羲洞“神秘”特色具有举足轻重的作用。布光上,对峡谷洞壁形态可采用白、蓝、浅绿、青等不同色调来分层次展示;对地下河宜用淡绿色光表现;对流石、钟乳石等景观可采用冷、暖光相结合;对于伏羲大厅鳞次栉比的岩层纹理可采用白光处理。   相似文献   

ENDOLITHIC LICHENS,RAPID BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING AND SCHMIDT HAMMER R‐VALUES ON RECENTLY EXPOSED ROCK SURFACES: STORBREEN GLACIER FORELAND,JOTUNHEIMEN, NORWAY     

JOHN A. MATTHEWS  GERAINT OWEN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(4):287-297

The endolithic lichen Lecidea auriculata is known to enhance rock surface weathering on the Little Ice Age moraines of the glacier Storbreen in Jotunheimen, central southern Norway. This study demonstrates the reduction in Schmidt hammer Rvalues that followed the rapid colonization by this lichen of pyroxene‐granulite boulders on terrain deglaciated over the last 88 years. In the absence of this lichen, the characteristic mean R‐value of boulder surfaces is 61.0 ± 0.3; where this lichen is present, R‐values are lower by at least 20 units on surfaces exposed for 30–40 years. A similar reduction in rock hardness on rock surfaces without a lichen cover requires about 10 ka. The rapid initial weakening of the rock surfaces is indicative of rates of biological weathering by endolithic lichens that may be two orders of magnitude (200–300 times) faster than rates of physico‐chemical weathering alone. If not avoided, the effects of this type of lichen are likely to negate the effectiveness of the Schmidt hammer and other methods for exposure‐age dating, including cosmogenic‐nuclide dating, in severe alpine and polar periglacial environments. The results also suggest a new method for dating rock surfaces exposed for <50 years.  相似文献   

Paleoenvironments of the evolving Pliocene to early Pleistocene foreland basin in northwestern Taiwan: An example from the Dahan River section          下载免费PDF全文

Tsun‐You Pan  Andrew Tien‐Shun Lin  Wen‐Rong Chi 《Island Arc》2015,24(3):317-341

The overriding of the Luzon volcanic arc atop the underlying Chinese rifted‐continental margin has caused the formation of the Taiwan mountain belts and a peripheral foreland basin west of the orogen since the late Miocene. In this study, lithofacies analysis and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic investigations of the Dahan River section in northwestern (NW) Taiwan were performed. Our results offer insights into the temporal evolution of the sedimentary environments and the competing effects of the sedimentation and basin tectonics of the NW Taiwan foreland basin from the Pliocene to early Pleistocene. Nannofossil biostratigraphic studies showed that the upper Kueichulin Formation and the overlying Chinshui Shale can be assigned to the NN15 biozone of the Pliocene age, and the Cholan Formation pertains to NN16–NN18 of the early Pleistocene. The NN15–NN16 boundary coincides roughly with the boundary of the Chinshui Shale and Cholan Formation. We recognized three major sedimentary environments in the studied foreland succession comprising the upper Kueichulin Formation, Chinshui Shale, Cholan Formation and Yangmei Formation, in ascending order. During the deposition of the upper Kueichulin Formation in the early Pliocene, the dominant environment was a wave‐ and tide‐influenced open marine setting. During the late Pliocene, the environment deepened to an outer‐offshore setting when the sediments of Chinshui Shale were accumulated. In the Pleistocene, the environment then shallowed to wave‐dominated estuaries during the deposition of the lower Cholan Formation, and the basin was rapidly filled, generating a meandering and sandy braided river environment during the deposition of the upper Cholan to the Yangmei Formation. In summary, the evolution of sedimentary environments in the studied succession shows a deepening then a shallowing and coarsening upward trend during the period from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene, spanning the age from approximately 4 to 1 Ma.  相似文献   

北京石花洞结构特征及发育演化过程研究     

刘宏  郑明存  段洪伍  陈海舰  王芳  蔡炳贵 《中国岩溶》2015,34(1):27-34

北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以Onstation洞穴绘图软件和ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1) 石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5 639 m,洞底投影面积为37 096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2) 石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m, 211 m, 154 m, 111 m和95 m;(3) 最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1 638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4) 综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。   相似文献   

喀斯特洞穴滴水信息对地表环境响应研究进展   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

刘子琦  熊康宁  吕小溪  张乾柱  付超凡 《中国岩溶》2015,34(1):43-51

通过系统回顾国内外喀斯特洞穴滴水信息对地表环境响应的研究进展,结合全球气候变化、喀斯特环境演变与滴水理化指标的研究发展背景,把该领域的研究发展历程划分为萌芽期、缓慢发展期和高速增长期3个阶段。对滴水常规监测指标、稳定同位素及常/微量元素等指标的研究成果与认识进行了系统归纳,并对滴水响应外界大气、地表植被、洞穴上覆土壤以及洞顶基岩等4方面的研究进展进行总结。认为应当探究滴水的物质来源及其水文地球化学过程,加强对滴水信息环境指示的敏感性研究,深入认识滴水信息的环境响应机制,对洞穴系统综合环境要素开展监测等,同时指出运用滴水指标进行石漠化的相关研究比较薄弱,是未来研究的重点所在。   相似文献   

Characteristics of black shale in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,China     

Y.-H. Ye  B. Ran  J. Luba  S.-Y. Wang  W. Sun 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,64(5):667-687

Geochemical and mineralogical analyses, in addition to isothermal adsorption experiments on field samples, are used to characterise the sedimentary environments, reservoirs and adsorbed gas of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng–lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas. The sedimentary environment of the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is a deep-water shelf with five different lithologies identified: siliceous shale, black shale, siltstone, biolithite limestone and bentonite. The black shale in the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is 50 m thick, with an average organic carbon content (TOC) of 3.81 wt% and a maturity (Ro) of 1.62%. Quartz comprises 54.94 vol% of the shale and positively correlates with the TOC. Micropores in the black shale include intergranular pores, intragranular pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Among these pores, spaces between clay sheets and organic molecules represent a favourable storage space for the accumulation and preservation of oil and gas. The Langmuir volume parameter ranges between 1.52 and 3.01 cm³/g, with an average value of 2.33 cm³/g. The presence of organic matter pores and pores between clay sheets in the black shale is the main and controlling factor for accumulated gas.  相似文献   

柯坪硫磺沟奥陶系（纹层状）古钙华的特征及石油地质意义     

钟建华  苏飞飞  倪良田  邵珠福  张丹锋  孙宁亮  郝兵  陈彬  刘闯  罗可 《中国岩溶》2017,36(1):1-14

天山南缘从柯坪阿恰经巴楚三叉口到巴楚五道班的100余公里的316国道北侧的奥陶系中发育了一条1~2 km宽的碳酸盐岩岩溶带。在该带的鹰山组中发育了一条900 m宽的风化壳沉积（古土壤）和约30多个大型古溶洞。其中以硫磺沟2号溶洞最为典型,该溶洞位于一个很窄的倾角大于70°的走滑断裂带内,古钙华一般产在溶洞和裂缝中,作为充填体出现。硫磺沟2号溶洞的古钙华多呈黄褐色-黑色,普遍含石油。古钙华纹层发育,根据结构、颜色及形态等可以分为六种,分别为层状纹层、波状纹层、包壳状纹层、束状纹层、丘状纹层或半球形丘状纹层和杂乱纹层,这些纹层的形态和结构特点反映了其成因与菌藻或微生物有关;构成纹层的方解石主要为针状、柱状、细晶状和粗晶状等。钙华方解石晶体之间缝隙和孔隙非常发育,是良好的储集空间和运移通道。物性研究表明,硫磺沟2号溶洞古钙华的孔隙度介于3.81%~13.91%之间,平均7.21%,从孔隙度值来看属于致密储层（10%）;但渗透率很大,介于（2.99~87.60）×10-3μm2之间,平均48.99×10-3μm2,从渗透率看是一种较好的储层。出现这种“反常”的情况与古钙华特殊的内部结构有密切关系,钙华以晶间缝为主,具有紧密堆积的结构,虽然孔隙度不大,但是晶间缝在三维上构成了网络系统,导致渗透性很好,被称之为“致密高渗”储层。通过对塔里木盆地北部柯坪奥陶系露头硫磺沟2号溶洞及现代九寨沟溶洞的研究,发现岩溶过程中的化学沉积形成的钙华具有重要的石油地质意义,主要表现在两个方面:一是钙华是很好的储集空间;二是钙华具有一定的生烃能力。文章旨在探讨塔里木盆地奥陶系露头钙华相、钙华岩石学及钙华地球化学证据,以支持钙华的形成过程和形成环境的解释、及对塔河油田奥陶系缝洞油气藏的储集空间和油气成藏意义。   相似文献   

贵州郑家小洞内动物重金属含量及与土壤和水体的关系研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

徐承香  黎道洪  梅杰 《中国岩溶》2010,29(1):48-53

通过对安顺郑家小洞内的动物和重金属污染进行调查研究,共获动物标本551号,隶属3门6纲10目20科29种（或类群）。对5个动物类群（螺类、马陆、斑灶马、蝙蝠粪和山蛩虫）、洞穴土壤和洞穴水的重金属含量进行了测定,研究了各动物类群的富集系数和洞穴土壤的污染指数并进行了评价。结果显示蝙蝠粪便中Zn的含量最高（670.5 mg/kg）,间接说明了洞穴外围环境中的Zn污染较为严重,马陆对Ni与斑灶马对Cr和Ni无富集能力。各元素在3个光带土壤中的平均值含量都超过了我国的土壤背景值,按顺序排列为Zn >Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Hg > Cd,水体为Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu> Pb > Hg > As > Cd。单项污染指数表明Hg、Ni和Zn为重污染,在3个光带中的平均值分别为5.11、3.18和3.20。从综合污染指数看,3个光带的平均值为2.17,属轻污染,说明该洞穴有重金属污染但不严重。   相似文献   

石笋稀土元素含量的两种溶样方法测试结果对比分析     

周厚云  汤静  袁道先 《中国岩溶》2011,30(3):341-347

对于采自川东北诺水河溶洞群的石笋SJ3,采用2%的HNO3和HF+HNO3两种溶样方法分析测试了其稀土元素(REE)含量。结果表明:虽然多数石笋中存在碎屑物质,SJ3的少数样品在采用2%的HNO3溶解后有明显的残留物存在,但采用HF+HNO3全部溶解样品得到的SJ3的REE含量与采用稀HNO3溶样得到的结果并没有显著的差别。这表明SJ3的REE可能主要不是直接来自于地表土壤中难溶的硅酸盐矿物,而可能是土壤风化释放的REE通过吸附在颗粒/胶体态物质的表面,经过岩溶地下水的搬运而沉积到SJ3中。由此认为,采用稀酸溶样基本上可以将石笋SJ3的REE释放出来。   相似文献   

The Effects of Hydrophilic Polymer and Soil Salinity on Corn Growth in Sandy and Loamy Soils     

Soheyla Seyed Dorraji  Ahmad Golchin  Shervin Ahmadi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(7):584-591

The interaction effects of different applied ratios of a hydrophilic polymer (Superab A200) (0, 0.2, 0.6% w/w) under various soil salinity levels (initial salinity, 4 and 8 ms/cm) were evaluated on available water content (AWC), biomass, and water use efficiency for corn grown in loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. The results showed that the highest AWC was measured at the lowest soil salinity. The application of 0.6% w/w of the polymer at the lowest salinity level increased the AWC by 2.2 and 1.2 times greater than those of control in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, respectively. The analysis of variance of data showed that the effect of salinity was significant on biomass and water use efficiency of corn in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. The highest amounts of these traits were measured in soils with the lowest salinity level. Application of polymer at the rate of 0.6% in the loamy sand soil and at the rate of 0.2% in the sandy clay loam soil resulted in the highest aerial and root biomass and water use efficiency for corn. At these polymer rates the amounts of water use efficiency for corn were 2.6 and 1.7 times greater than those of control in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, respectively. Thus, the use of hydrophilic polymer in soils especially in the sandy soils increases soil water holding capacity, yield, and water use efficiency of plant. On the other hand, decreases the negative effect of soil salinity on plant and helps for irrigation projects to succeed in arid and semi‐arid areas.  相似文献