柯坪硫磺沟奥陶系（纹层状）古钙华的特征及石油地质意义     

钟建华  苏飞飞  倪良田  邵珠福  张丹锋  孙宁亮  郝兵  陈彬  刘闯  罗可 《中国岩溶》2017,36(1):1-14

天山南缘从柯坪阿恰经巴楚三叉口到巴楚五道班的100余公里的316国道北侧的奥陶系中发育了一条1~2 km宽的碳酸盐岩岩溶带。在该带的鹰山组中发育了一条900 m宽的风化壳沉积（古土壤）和约30多个大型古溶洞。其中以硫磺沟2号溶洞最为典型,该溶洞位于一个很窄的倾角大于70°的走滑断裂带内,古钙华一般产在溶洞和裂缝中,作为充填体出现。硫磺沟2号溶洞的古钙华多呈黄褐色-黑色,普遍含石油。古钙华纹层发育,根据结构、颜色及形态等可以分为六种,分别为层状纹层、波状纹层、包壳状纹层、束状纹层、丘状纹层或半球形丘状纹层和杂乱纹层,这些纹层的形态和结构特点反映了其成因与菌藻或微生物有关;构成纹层的方解石主要为针状、柱状、细晶状和粗晶状等。钙华方解石晶体之间缝隙和孔隙非常发育,是良好的储集空间和运移通道。物性研究表明,硫磺沟2号溶洞古钙华的孔隙度介于3.81%~13.91%之间,平均7.21%,从孔隙度值来看属于致密储层（10%）;但渗透率很大,介于（2.99~87.60）×10-3μm2之间,平均48.99×10-3μm2,从渗透率看是一种较好的储层。出现这种“反常”的情况与古钙华特殊的内部结构有密切关系,钙华以晶间缝为主,具有紧密堆积的结构,虽然孔隙度不大,但是晶间缝在三维上构成了网络系统,导致渗透性很好,被称之为“致密高渗”储层。通过对塔里木盆地北部柯坪奥陶系露头硫磺沟2号溶洞及现代九寨沟溶洞的研究,发现岩溶过程中的化学沉积形成的钙华具有重要的石油地质意义,主要表现在两个方面:一是钙华是很好的储集空间;二是钙华具有一定的生烃能力。文章旨在探讨塔里木盆地奥陶系露头钙华相、钙华岩石学及钙华地球化学证据,以支持钙华的形成过程和形成环境的解释、及对塔河油田奥陶系缝洞油气藏的储集空间和油气成藏意义。   相似文献   

贵州郑家小洞内动物重金属含量及与土壤和水体的关系研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

徐承香  黎道洪  梅杰 《中国岩溶》2010,29(1):48-53

通过对安顺郑家小洞内的动物和重金属污染进行调查研究,共获动物标本551号,隶属3门6纲10目20科29种（或类群）。对5个动物类群（螺类、马陆、斑灶马、蝙蝠粪和山蛩虫）、洞穴土壤和洞穴水的重金属含量进行了测定,研究了各动物类群的富集系数和洞穴土壤的污染指数并进行了评价。结果显示蝙蝠粪便中Zn的含量最高（670.5 mg/kg）,间接说明了洞穴外围环境中的Zn污染较为严重,马陆对Ni与斑灶马对Cr和Ni无富集能力。各元素在3个光带土壤中的平均值含量都超过了我国的土壤背景值,按顺序排列为Zn >Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Hg > Cd,水体为Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu> Pb > Hg > As > Cd。单项污染指数表明Hg、Ni和Zn为重污染,在3个光带中的平均值分别为5.11、3.18和3.20。从综合污染指数看,3个光带的平均值为2.17,属轻污染,说明该洞穴有重金属污染但不严重。   相似文献   

石笋稀土元素含量的两种溶样方法测试结果对比分析     

周厚云  汤静  袁道先 《中国岩溶》2011,30(3):341-347

对于采自川东北诺水河溶洞群的石笋SJ3,采用2%的HNO3和HF+HNO3两种溶样方法分析测试了其稀土元素(REE)含量。结果表明:虽然多数石笋中存在碎屑物质,SJ3的少数样品在采用2%的HNO3溶解后有明显的残留物存在,但采用HF+HNO3全部溶解样品得到的SJ3的REE含量与采用稀HNO3溶样得到的结果并没有显著的差别。这表明SJ3的REE可能主要不是直接来自于地表土壤中难溶的硅酸盐矿物,而可能是土壤风化释放的REE通过吸附在颗粒/胶体态物质的表面,经过岩溶地下水的搬运而沉积到SJ3中。由此认为,采用稀酸溶样基本上可以将石笋SJ3的REE释放出来。   相似文献   

The Effects of Hydrophilic Polymer and Soil Salinity on Corn Growth in Sandy and Loamy Soils     

Soheyla Seyed Dorraji  Ahmad Golchin  Shervin Ahmadi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(7):584-591

The interaction effects of different applied ratios of a hydrophilic polymer (Superab A200) (0, 0.2, 0.6% w/w) under various soil salinity levels (initial salinity, 4 and 8 ms/cm) were evaluated on available water content (AWC), biomass, and water use efficiency for corn grown in loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. The results showed that the highest AWC was measured at the lowest soil salinity. The application of 0.6% w/w of the polymer at the lowest salinity level increased the AWC by 2.2 and 1.2 times greater than those of control in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, respectively. The analysis of variance of data showed that the effect of salinity was significant on biomass and water use efficiency of corn in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. The highest amounts of these traits were measured in soils with the lowest salinity level. Application of polymer at the rate of 0.6% in the loamy sand soil and at the rate of 0.2% in the sandy clay loam soil resulted in the highest aerial and root biomass and water use efficiency for corn. At these polymer rates the amounts of water use efficiency for corn were 2.6 and 1.7 times greater than those of control in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, respectively. Thus, the use of hydrophilic polymer in soils especially in the sandy soils increases soil water holding capacity, yield, and water use efficiency of plant. On the other hand, decreases the negative effect of soil salinity on plant and helps for irrigation projects to succeed in arid and semi‐arid areas.  相似文献   

双重孔隙-裂隙岩体中洞室变形及强度各向异性的三维有限元分析     

张思渊  张玉军 《岩土力学》2016,37(12):3583-3590

将确定双重孔隙-裂隙介质凝聚力及内摩擦角的方法与描述介质强度各向异性的微结构-无迹张量方法相结合,引入到三维有限元程序中。以简单的算例,通过解析解与数值解的比较,验证了所开发的有限元程序的可靠性。针对一个假定的位于被3组正交裂隙所切割的围岩中的矩形洞室,使用Mohr-Coulomb准则进行弹塑性数值模拟,就不同的工况分析了围岩中的位移、应力及塑性区的状态。计算结果显示：裂隙组的不同展布及组合使得岩体的变形及强度性质有着不同的各向异性,从而相应地导致围岩中的位移、应力及塑性区的分布与量值产生明显的差异。  相似文献   

万年县神农宫旅游资源综合评价与开发对策   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

吴发明  何小芊  罗梦悦 《中国岩溶》2016,35(2):233-242

溶洞作为一种重要的旅游资源,以其幽、奇、险等特点得到了广泛的旅游开发。科学、合理地对旅游资源开发价值进行评价是旅游开发的前提和基础。文章以万年县神农宫为研究对象,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法对其岩溶洞穴旅游资源的开发价值进行了系统评价,结果表明:神农宫的评价得分为87.38分,为优良级旅游资源,具有较高的旅游开发价值。在进行综合评价的基础上,将神农宫旅游资源的评价因子分为高开发价值和中低开发价值两个层级,并提出了相应的开发建议。   相似文献   

桂林洞穴滴水及现代碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积的碳同位素记录及其环境意义   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  

张美良  朱晓燕  林玉石  陈坤琨  何师意  王华  杨琰 《地球学报》2009,30(5):634-642

经过前期(1995~2000年)及近2 a对桂林盘龙洞13个滴水点的2 个水文年的滴水和现代碳酸钙沉积的动态监测, 发现现代洞穴碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积有两种类型: ①常年性滴水沉积碳酸盐, 其δ13C值记录了全年气候变化特征; ②季节性滴水沉积碳酸盐, 其δ13C值记录了季节性气候变化特征。现代碳酸盐沉积监测和碳同位素分析表明, 桂林盘龙洞外部峰体主要为C3植物(几乎没有C4植物), 现代沉积碳酸盐的δ13C记录显示, 在夏半年, 夏季风强、降水丰沛、生物的活动量大, 现代碳酸盐沉积量大,δ13C值则较偏负, 平均为-13.13‰; 现代碳酸盐的δ13C全年平均值为-12.23‰, 最负值达-14.5‰; 而在冬半年, 由于降水相对较少, 新沉积碳酸盐的δ13C值, 显示稍有增加(或偏正), 其δ13C值为-10‰~-11‰。此外, 当在降大雨或暴雨后(无论是在夏半年或是在冬半年), 滴水在滞后半个月或1个月后沉积形成的碳酸盐, 其δ13C值显示突然偏负, 主要反映的是降雨效应引起的CO2 效应的影响。  相似文献   

The dynamics of tourist excursion ratios in Slovakia show caves from 2000 to 2014     

Alena Gessert  Janetta Nestorová–Dická  Ivo Sninčák 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):173-183

Show caves are one of the most important targets in developing local ecotourism strategies. This work focuses on a tourism visit rate incidence through an Attractiveness Index concerning 12 selected show caves in Slovakia. Our study focuses on visitor counts published from 2000 to 2014. A set of eight criteria were selected in order to analyse and determine the appeal that each cave may have for visitors. Establishing the “degree” of appeal as an indicator of the tourism and geographic absolute attractiveness value is based on a principal components factor analysis; the resultant single factor was correlated with our selected criteria. We find a strong correlation between touristic cave attractiveness and cave locations, ease of cave passage access (vehicle and trail) infrastructures, cave location in main tourism regions, and the growth of urban areas as they encroach on show cave locations. Similar studies in valorization of show caves tourism have not been attempted in Slovakia or Eastern Europe. The data and result from this study are also clearly important from a managerial perspective. This general framework could be easily expanded to include additional attributes that might be relevant for other market segments or other vacation experiences.  相似文献   

洞穴滴水水文化学特征及石漠化效应--以贵州石将军洞为例   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张乾柱  熊康宁  刘子琦  付超凡 《热带地理》2013,(3)

利用洞穴指标体系研究地表石漠化演变处于理论萌芽阶段.据此,通过对发育在强度石漠化条件下的石将军洞穴滴水滴率、pH值及温度进行为期1 a的动态监测,在分析其特征空间、时间变化规律基础的上,初步探索其石漠化效应.研究结果表明:受石漠化发育引起的地表植被破坏严重、土层稀薄影响,上覆顶板对水分的赋存主要靠基岩来完成,基岩愈厚,洞穴滴水滴率、pH 值与温度变率愈小,因此表现出越靠近洞口受外界影响越强烈、变幅越大的特征;同时,强度石漠化条件下,土壤中可利用的CO2较少,使得洞穴滴水pH 值显示了雨季时值较高、旱季时值较低的反常特征.  相似文献   

Dune field development,interactions and boundary conditions for crescentic and stellate megadunes of the Al Liwa Basin,the Empty Quarter     

Mark A. Bishop 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(2):183-191

Within the greater Ar Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) sand sea lies an internal depocentre, the Al Liwa Basin, which comprises a variety of mega‐scale dune types. Crescentic dunes dominant the north of the basin while megadunes of stellate or star form are a major landform of the south‐eastern reaches. Their development into dune fields is determined by the style and rate of dune–dune interactions, the boundary conditions imposed by a multi‐modal wind regime, fluctuating groundwater levels, and sediment availability under an assortment of climatic conditions throughout the Quaternary. As a result, dune field patterns are a collective response to these perturbations in space, time and environment. The R‐statistic is a collective measure of these responses, and is a metric capable of identifying the degree of pattern maturity or self‐organization of the aeolian system, and the pathways from which patterns evolve. The spatial signature of the southerly located star dunes is characterized by two definitive patterns of organization: the first, one of complete spatial randomness, the second, a low degree of spatial uniformity. In isolation, these results appear to be unrelated to those for crescentic dunes of the region in which a significantly higher degree of pattern dispersion is the norm. However, when spatial statistical measures are integrated with the theoretical understanding of dune–dune interactions and the involvement of environmental agents, the complex morphodynamic pathways and linkages between regional dune fields is better understood. In this case, both constructive (e.g. merging, lateral linking) and regenerative activity (e.g. calving) have played important roles in the development of dune size, and associated adjustments in spacing, and dune numbers, and subsequently dune field patterns. Synergetic patterns are emblematic of this vast dunescape, whereby transitional geographic, morphologic, dimensional and environmental modifications exist between the mega‐crescentic and mega‐stellate dunes of the Empty Quarter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献