Equity and efficiency in adaptation finance: initial experiences of the Adaptation Fund     

Asa Persson  Elise Remling 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):488-506

The Adaptation Fund, established under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), has now been approving funding for adaptation projects for more than two years. Given its particular institutional status and specific focus on concrete adaptation, it is particularly relevant to study the initial experiences of it for any future upscaling of international adaptation finance, despite the fact that its own resources are getting scarce. Alternative rationales for allocating funds, based on equity and efficiency concerns at both international and subnational levels, are here tested against the criteria and priorities of the Fund and decisions made on project approval. It is concluded that equity concerns appear to be the primary motivation and that allocation is de facto made between states rather than by considering inequity between subnational communities. However, the currency of vulnerability for determining equitable outcomes in allocation decisions has not been formalized, despite its central importance to the Fund. Instead, uniform national caps have been introduced. Such an equality approach can be considered inequitable. Finally, it is noted that although the Adaptation Fund Board has continuously developed its proposal review practices and adopted a learning-by-doing approach, it should provide both a further specification of the evaluation criteria and a compilation of best practices from approved proposals, and moreover enhance the transparency of the review process, all of which would clarify its core priorities for current and future project proponents.  相似文献   

Improving the methodology for assessing natural hazard impacts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anand Patwardhan  Upasna Sharma   《Global and Planetary Change》2005,47(2-4):253

The impacts of natural hazards such as cyclones have been conventionally measured through changes in human, social and economic capital, typically represented by stock variables such as population, built property and public infrastructure, livestock, agricultural land, etc. This paper develops an alternative approach that seeks to detect and quantify impacts as changes in flow variables. In particular, we explore whether changes in annual agricultural output, when measured at an appropriate spatial level, could be used to measure impacts associated with tropical cyclones in coastal regions of India. We believe that such an approach may have a number of benefits from a policy perspective, particularly with regard to the debate between relief versus recovery as disaster management strategies. A focus on flow variables is also likely to be more relevant and useful in developing countries; the maintenance of economic activity directly affects livelihood and is perhaps of greater importance than loss of built property or other physical capital.  相似文献   

Vulnerability,Partnerships and the Pursuit of Survival: Urban Livelihoods and Apprenticeship Contracts in a West African City     

Kobena?HansonEmail author 《GeoJournal》2005,62(1-2):163-179

This paper analyses local level apprenticeship contracts and networks to highlight informal urban livelihoods within the context of socio-economic vulnerability and wider contemporary changes taking place in Koforidua, Ghana. It does so by specifically examining the complex entanglements of interpersonal relationships that characterize apprenticeship contracts within which home-based entrepreneurs and artisans in Koforidua engage in to sustain both current livelihoods, as well as to shore themselves against socio-economic vulnerability triggered in part by adjustment. As a result of the changing geography of the city, network entanglements, comprising resilient ties and egalitarian relations, have become vital to urban livelihoods in this community. However, apprenticeship contracts and the networks they engender can be a double-edged sword. For instance, demands of reciprocity or support from co-network members, neighbours and family, can be so taxing that some individuals opt out of the network. This tension notwithstanding, this paper contends that apprenticeship contracts and the network spaces they create have created a new social cohesion and community that transcend the traditionally known spaces of social support, i.e. ethnic ties, family ties or even institutional support.  相似文献   

基于"3S"技术的地质灾害易损性面评价方法研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

杨华  赵纯勇  张永兴 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2004,15(3):96-101,125

易损性评价是地质灾害灾情评估体系中一个非常重要的内容。它揭示了地质灾害基本构成元素之一的承灾体的社会经济属性,对整个地灾灾情评估体系完整性的构建及评价结果的科学性、明确性、统一性表达具有举足轻重的作用。文章以等面积法作为基本手段,根据评价区实际情况算得的离散等积网格作为评价模板。结合“3S”(GIS、RS、GPS)技术,探讨地质灾害易损性面评价的实现方式,旨在提出“3S”框架内的地质灾害灾情评估实现模式。在具体操作层面上,文章提出了为实现易损性面评估而确立的评价对象之层次分类方法、评价模板构造计算方法、空间数据库建设方法、基于空间数据库的空间分析方法以及空间信息集成模型。重点讨论在空间数据完整性基础上的多源数据融合处理模式及以GIS空间分析算法模式为蓝本的空间数据处理和集成手段。在理念层面上,文章将空间分析实现方法分为现实评价区域、概念评价区域、数字评价区域、逻辑映射虚拟区域等4个阶段,认为在GIS环境下的地灾灾情评价原始空间数据、派生空间数据以及经专用模型集成后的结果空间数据的可视化表达方式可以分为颜色序列、数字高程模型(DTM)及等值线3种表达方式。最后提出实现地质灾害易损性面评价的一般操作流程。  相似文献   

利用DRASTIC指标体系评价安徽省淮北平原浅层地下水脆弱性   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈伟 《安徽地质》2006,16(1):26-30

依据美国DRASTIC指标体系的基本框架,充分吸收欧洲及国内有关地区的研究成果,结合安徽省淮北平原的实际情况,以MAPGIS和ACCESS为平台,评价了浅层地下水的脆弱性。在评价指标选择、指标等级评分和指数分级等方面进行了探索,使之更符合淮北平原的实际情况,更具操作性,为今后开展全省地下水脆弱性评价积累了经验。  相似文献   

Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

M.S. Kappes  M. Papathoma-KöhleM. Keiler 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):577-590

Globally, many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment and finally, the consideration of hazard interactions. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology a pilot application is carried out in the Faucon municipality located in the Barcelonnette basin, Southern French Alps. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings to debris flows, shallow landslides and river flooding for emergency planning and for general risk reduction purposes is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way and b) the high amount of data required for its performance. However, the advantage is that it is a flexible method which can be applied for the vulnerability analysis in a multi-hazard context but also it can be adjusted to the user-specific needs to support decision-making.  相似文献   

新乡驻军某部流动哨雷击易损性分析     

李鹏  程丽丹 《气象与环境科学》2012,35(4):46-51

根据中国人民解放军某部新乡市驻地地貌特征和近5a的空间雷暴特征,对该部流动哨的雷击易损性进行分析,结果表明,目标区雷电引发的人身伤害风险较大。除避免或减少雷电高发时段外出巡逻及巡逻中雷电发生时采取远离树木、电力线等防御措施外,在巡逻道路两侧适当位置增设接闪杆及移除横穿巡逻道路的电力线路或按有关规定在线杆增设电涌保护器,可降低雷电造成的人身伤害风险。  相似文献   

基于城市交通脆弱性核算的大雾灾害风险评估   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

扈海波  熊亚军  张姝丽 《应用气象学报》2010,21(6):732-738

选用大雾观测资料测算城市地区的雾灾危险性指数,以规则网格作为评估单元,逐网格计算网格区域内的路网密度,以此作为雾灾的空间脆弱性指标,并针对重点设施的分布情况对脆弱性指数进行空间叠加订正;选用网格内的人口密度作为雾灾的易损性指标;危险性、脆弱性及易损性3项指标按5:2:1的分配比例综合测算雾灾的风险指数。实例研究选用北京地区1996年1月—2006年12月的大雾资料,按空间网格化方法对大雾灾害风险进行评估,结果表明:北京地区雾灾脆弱性指数的高值区域与高速路及环城路延伸方向一致,城市中心为人口集中分布地区,其综合风险指数高,与高速路段、环城路及机场等地段均为雾灾的高风险区域,北京东南部地区年平均雾日数相对较多,危险性指数值也较高,是雾灾较高风险区域。  相似文献   

北京市奥运期间气象灾害风险承受与控制能力分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

郭虎  熊亚军  扈海波 《气象》2008,34(2):77-82

针对北京市奥运会期间的7种主要气象灾害(雷电、冰雹、大风、高温、暴雨、大雾和霾灾害),建立了气象灾害风险承受能力与风险控制能力评价的指标体系.经过专家评分,获取7种气象灾害的评价指标所对应的分值.利用层次分析法,计算评价指标的权重系数.最后得到7种气象灾害评价指标的加权平均值作为其风险承受能力与风险控制能力系数.利用灾害模数、经济易损模数、生命易损模数3个指标进行北京市奥运期间18个区县空间易损度区划分析.结果表明:北京市奥运会期间,高温灾害和暴雨灾害的风险承受能力与风险控制能力最弱;雷电灾害和大雾灾害的承受与控制能力中等;冰雹灾害和霾灾害较强;大风灾害最强.易损度空间差异分析表明,城区(东城区、西城区、崇文区和宣武区)、朝阳区和海淀区为高易损性区域;丰台区、石景山区、房山区、昌平区、顺义区和大兴区为中易损性区域;门头沟区、通州区、平谷区、怀柔区、密云县和延庆县为低易损性区域.  相似文献   

Reef-island topography and the vulnerability of atolls to sea-level rise   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Colin D. Woodroffe   《Global and Planetary Change》2008,62(1-2):77-96

Low-lying reef islands on the rim of atolls are perceived as particularly vulnerable to the impacts of sea-level rise. Three effects are inferred: erosion of the shoreline, inundation of low-lying areas, and saline intrusion into the freshwater lens. Regional reconstruction of sea-level trends, supplementing the short observational instrumental record, indicates that monthly mean sea level is rising in the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. This paper reviews the morphology and substrate characteristics of reef islands on Indo-Pacific atolls, and summarises their topography. On most atolls across this region, there is an oceanward ridge built by waves to a height of around 3 m above MSL; in a few cases these are topped by wind-blown dunes. The prominence of these ridges, together with radiocarbon dating and multi-temporal studies of shoreline position, indicate net accretion rather than long-term erosion on most of these oceanward shores. Less prominent lagoonward ridges occur, but their morphology and continuity are atoll-specific, being a function of the processes operating in each lagoon. Low-lying central areas are a feature of many islands, often locally excavated for production of taro. These lower-lying areas are already subject to inundation, which seems certain to increase as the sea rises. Tropical storms play an important role in the geomorphology of reef islands in those regions where they are experienced. Topographical differences, as well as features such as emergence of the reef flat and the stability of the substrate, mean that islands differ in terms of their susceptibility to sea-level rise. Further assessment of variations in shoreline vulnerability based on topography and substrate could form the basis for enhancing the natural resilience of these islands.  相似文献