亚热带喀斯特山区的生态系统特征和恢复途径   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

周游游  唐晓春 《山地学报》2003,21(3):293-297

亚热带喀斯特山区主要分布于中国西南和华南，其地貌以寒武系、二叠系和碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩夹层组成的峰丛洼地和喀斯特谷地为主^[1]。由于生态环境及其脆弱，加之人类活动干扰严重，这使得该区长期以来资源难以合理开发利用，环境日益恶化。随着我国西部大开发战略的实施，环境的恶化，经济的落后和不合理的资源开发利用等问题已引起了地理、岩溶、生态、环境等学术界的高度重视。生态系统的恢复、重建，农业、林业和其他产业的合理规划已成为刻不容缓的问题。  相似文献   

森林生态系统健康评价指标及其在中国的应用   总被引：69，自引：0，他引：69  

肖风劲  欧阳华  傅伯杰  牛海山 《地理学报》2003,58(6):803-809

根据1995～1998年的遥感资料、1980～1997年全国气象资料以及1949～2001年的森林统计资料以及全国300多个森林样地调查资料，在生态系统健康理论基础上，以活力(V)、组织结构(D)和恢复力（R)为评价指标，对中国森林生态系统的健康状况进行了评价，并对中国森林生态系统健康的空间格局进行了分析。我国森林生态系统健康指数高的区域主要分布在热带雨林季雨林以及天然林分布的区域，而蒙新林区和暖温带林区的健康指数较低，且由南到北逐渐降低。温度和降水对森林生态系统健康的空间格局有较大的影响。通过生态系统健康指数与活力、组织结构和抵抗力的相关分析可知，抵抗力对生态系统健康影响最大，其次是组织结构，影响力最小的是活力。  相似文献   

甘肃省不同气候条件下退耕还林(草)成本及对策研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郝惠林  刘亚平 《干旱气象》2002,20(3):42-45

通过实地调查和科学计算 ,分析退耕还林 (草 )的成本和影响成本的因素 ,提出有效利用气候资源降低成本 ,使退耕还林 (草 )工作取得更大效益的建议 ,供决策部门参考  相似文献   

Optimization of Land Use Structure Based on Ecological GREEN Equivalent   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LIU  Yanfnag  MING  Dongping 《地球空间信息科学学报》2002,5(4):60-67

Optimization of land use structure consists of economic and social and ecological optimization.Applying the minds of system engineering and principles of ecology,this paper presents such thoughts:the optimal forest-coverage rate calculated according to the reality of a district is set as main standard of ecological rationality in the district;through considering the value of ecosystem services of the land with GREEN equivalent(mainly cultivated land and grassland)and based on the rule GREEN equivalent,this paper introduces the area conversion between woodland and cultivated land ,also between woodland and grassland;this paper establishes a multi-dimension controlling model of optimization of land use structure,In addition,a multiobjective linear programming model for optimization of land use structure is designed.In the end,this paper tests and verifies this theory of ecological optimization,taking Qionghai city in Hainan Province as an example.  相似文献   

恢复额济纳旗生态系统的总经济价值——条件估值非参数估计方法的应用   总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10  

徐中民  张志强  苏志勇  程国栋 《冰川冻土》2002,24(2):160-167

条件估值方法是当前国际上流行的衡量环境物品非利用经济价值的方法, 通过调查居民针对不同环境状况变化的支付意愿,从而定量确定环境状况变化带来的经济效益和损失. 针对黑河流域额济纳旗生态系统恶化的现状,以投标支付卡的方法设计了700份调查问卷,调查了黑河流域居民恢复额济纳旗生态系统的支付意愿,并采用非参数分析方法对结果进行分析. 结果表明,用20 a的时间将额济纳旗的生态系统恢复到20世纪80年代初的水平,黑河流域总共有92.3%的居民家庭存在支付意愿,有支付意愿家庭的平均支付意愿为每年每户43.39元,同时采用列联表检验的方法辨明了被调查者的年龄、学历、收入、户籍和居住的地理区域等因素对支付意愿的影响. 最后在综合不同区域居民支付意愿差异的基础上,采用当前的市场利率将计算结果在时空尺度上加总,得到恢复黑河下游额济纳生态系统的总经济价值的现值为2.94×10+8元.  相似文献   

Winter stemflow nutrient inputs into a southern New England broadleaved deciduous forest     

Delphis F. Levia  Jr. 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2003,85(1):13-20

Stemflow leaching from the above‐ground vegetative surfaces of broadleaved deciduous canopy trees has been well documented during the growing season. Winter stemflow leaching from the leafless crowns of deciduous trees is less well understood, especially in the context of global climate change. Boreal and northern temperate forests are forecast to have a lower incidence of snow events and an increased frequency of rain and mixed precipitation events. A change in the seasonal precipitation regime may be significant due to linkages among global change, stemflow leaching, and biogeochemical processes. The aim of this paper is to (1) demonstrate the extent of winter stemflow nutrient leaching from deciduous trees; (2) explore how winter stemflow leachate quantity may vary as a function of the type of precipitation event; and (3) quantify the extent to which an increase in the incidence of snow‐to‐rain events would enhance stemflow leaching. Measuring meteorological conditions, stemflow volumes, and stemflow chemistry over two successive winter seasons in New England demonstrated that winter stemflow drainage was significantly enriched compared to the incident bulk precipitation: 162 times greater for K+, 44 times greater for Ca2+, and 29 times greater for Mg2+. Snow‐to‐rain events leached considerably greater quantities of base cations from the deciduous trees than all other types of precipitation events. An increased frequency of snow‐to‐rain events from 13.8% to 25% of winter precipitation events would substantially increase mean stemflow nutrient inputs to the bases of forest trees during winter. Implications for significantly increased winter stemflow leachate inputs, corresponding to an increased incidence of snow‐to‐rain events, include a shift in the biogeographic range of species, delayed leaf emergence, and increased soil respiration.  相似文献   

9000 years of chironomid assemblage dynamics in an Alpine lake: long-term trends, sensitivity to disturbance, and resilience of the fauna   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Oliver Heiri  André F. Lotter 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,30(3):273-289

Subfossil chironomid analysis was applied to a sediment core from Sägistalsee, a small lake at present-day tree-line elevation in the Swiss Alps. During the whole 9000-year stratigraphy the chironomid fauna was dominated by taxa typical of alpine lakes. Major faunistic trends were caused by changes in accumulation rates of three taxa, namely Procladius, Stictochironomus, and Tanytarsus lugens-type. In the early Holocene Procladius was the dominant taxon. In younger samples, Stictochironomus tended to have as high or higher abundances and both taxa showed an increase in accumulation rates. A possible cause of this succession is the decrease of lake-water depth due to infilling of the lake basin and changes in associated limnological parameters. The immigration of Picea (spruce) at ca. 6500 cal. ¹⁴C yrs BP and the resulting denser woodlands in the lake's catchment may have promoted this trend. During three phases, from ca. 70–1450, 1900–2350, and 3500–3950 cal. BP, remains of Procladius, Stictochironomus, and Tanytarsus lugens-type are absent from the lake sediment, whereas other typical lake taxa and stream chironomids show no change in accumulation rate. Together with sediment chemistry data, this suggests that increased oxygen deficits in the lake's bottom water during these intervals caused the elimination of chironomids living in the deepest part of the lake. All three periods coincide with increased human activity in the catchment, as deduced from palaeobotanical evidence. Therefore, enhanced nutrient loading of the lake due to the presence of humans and their livestock in the catchment is the most likely cause of the increased anoxia. The chironomid fauna reacted the same way to intensive pasturing during the last ca. 1500 years as to Bronze Age clear-cutting and more moderate pasturing during the Bronze, Iron, and Roman Ages, suggesting that alpine lake ecosystems can be extremely sensitive to human activity in the catchment. On the other hand, the chironomid assemblages show a considerable amount of resilience to human disturbance, as the chironomid fauna reverted to the pre-impact stage after the first two periods of human activity. In recent years, even though pasturing decreased again, the chironomid fauna has only partly recovered. This is possibly due to other human-induced changes in the lake ecosystem, e.g., the stocking of the lake with fish. The chironomid stratigraphy is difficult to interpret climatologically as the strongest changes in chironomid-inferred temperatures coincide with periods of intensive human activity in the catchment.  相似文献   

Simulation of terrestrial carbon cycle balance model in Tibet     

WANG Jianlin  HU Dan  SUN Zibao 《地理学报》2003,13(3):316-322

Based on climate material, the simplified terrestrial carbon cycle balance (TCCB) model was established, which is semi-mechanism and semi-statistics. Through TCCB model, our estimate indicates that the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau has much higher carbon content, and we have calculated the litter carbon pool, NPP, carbon fluxes and described their spatial characteristics in this region. Based on the TCCB model simulation, NPP in Tibet is 1.73×108 tC/a, soil organic input rate is 0.66×108 tC/a, litter mineralization rate is 1.07×108 tC/a, vegetation litterfall rate is 1.73×108 tC/a, the litter carbon pool is 7.26×108 tC, and soil decomposition rate is 309.54×108 tC/a. The carbon budget was also analyzed based on the estimates of carbon pool and fluxes. The spatial distributions of carbon pools and carbon fluxes in different compartments of terrestrial ecosystem were depicted with map respectively in Tibet. The distribution of NPP, vegetation litterfall rate, litter, litter mineralization rate, soil organic input rate and the soil decomposition rate were abstracted with temperature, precipitation, fractional vegetation and land feature.  相似文献   

The value of the ecosystem services and method     

LEI Kampeng  WANG Zhishi 《地理学报》2003,13(3):339-347

Using the method of Constanza R, the annual value of ecosystem services of Macao was 3.302×106 US dollars in 1983, equivalent to 26.5250×106 MOP, when using the currently monetary valuation. The annual value of ecosystem services of Macao was 8.3340×106 US dollars in 2002, equal to 66.9472×106 MOP. The total globe annual value of ecosystem services was 3.3268×1013 US dollars in 1997, i.e., about 5,544.7 US dollars per capita. In Macao, the annual value of ecosystem services was only 18.8 US dollars per capita. The average ecosystem service per capita was 0.35% of the world average level. Comparing to the globe average ecosystem services level per capita, the deficit of ecosystem services of Macao is 2.44×109 US dollars for Macao population, which would require 1,069 km2 estuary to complement to the deficit, i.e., about 38 times of Macao to provide ecosystem services to reach the average level of world.  相似文献   

Microbial production of CO2 in red soil in Stone Forest National Park   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

LIANGFuyuan SONGLinhua TANGTao 《地理学报(英文版)》2003,13(2):250-256

Lunan stone forest is a kind of typical karst in China,Which is mainly developed under red soil.In the winter of 1999,three study sites were chosen in stone forest national park according to vegetation cover,geomporphologic location and soil types,CO2 concentration was measured with Gastec punp at different dephts of soil (20,40,60cm) and at the same time soil samples were gatered and soil properties such as soil moisure,pH,soil organic content were analyzed and the total nmuber of viable microbes were counted in laboratory,In the study,dependent variable was chosen as the mean soil log(PCO2),and soil properties were chosen as the independent variables.Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the totla amount of microbes and soil moisture are the best indicators of the CO2 production,With the equation LOG(PCO2)=-0.039(TNM)-0.056 (Mo) 1.215 accounting for 86% of the variation of the soil CO2 concentration,where TNM is the total number of microbes in teh soil and Mo is the moisture of soil sample.  相似文献