The life cycle of contributors in collaborative online communities -the case of OpenStreetMap     

Daniel Bégin  Rodolphe Devillers  Stéphane Roche 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(8):1611-1630

Over the last two decades, online communities have become ubiquitous, with millions of people accessing collaborative project websites every day. Among them, the OpenStreetMap project (OSM) has been very successful in collecting/offering volunteered geographic information (VGI). Very different behaviours are observed among OSM participants, which translate into large differences of lifespan, contribution levels (e.g. Nielsen’s 90–9-1 rule) and attitudes towards innovations (e.g. Diffusion of innovation theory or DoIT). So far, the literature has defined phases in the life cycle of contributors only based on the nature of their contributions (e.g. role of participants and edits characteristics). Our study identifies the different phases of their life cycle from a temporal perspective and assesses how these phases relate to the volume and the frequency of the contributions from participants. Survival analyses were performed using both a complementary cumulative distribution function and a Kaplan-Meier estimator to plot survival and hazard curves. The analyses were broken down according to Nielsen and DoIT contributors’ categories to highlight potential explanatory variables. This paper shows that two contribution processes combine with three major participation stages to form six phases in contributors’ life cycle. The volume of edits provided on each active day is driven by the two contribution processes, illustrating the evolution of contributors’ motivation over time. Since contributors’ lifespan is a universal metric, our results may also apply to other collaborative online communities.  相似文献   

Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems     

Easwaran Narassimhan  Stefan Koester  Julio Rivera Alejo 《Climate Policy》2018,18(8):967-991

This article analyses the implementation of emissions trading systems (ETSs) in eight jurisdictions: the EU, Switzerland, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and California in the US, Québec in Canada, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea and pilot schemes in China. The article clarifies what is working, what isn’t and why, when it comes to the practice of implementing an ETS. The eight ETSs are evaluated against five main criteria: environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, market management, revenue management and stakeholder engagement. Within each of these categories, ETS attributes ? including abatement cost, stringency of the cap, improved allocation practices over time and the trajectory of price stability ? are assessed for each system. Institutional learning, administrative prudence, appropriate carbon revenue management and stakeholder engagement are identified as key ingredients for successful ETS regimes. Recent implementation of ETSs in regions including California, Québec and South Korea indicates significant institutional learning from prior systems, especially the EU ETS, with these regions implementing more robust administrative and regulatory structures suitable for handling unique national and sub-national opportunities and constraints. The analysis also shows that there is potential for a ‘double dividend’ in emissions reductions even with a modest carbon price, provided the cap tightens over time and a portion of the auctioned revenues are reinvested in other emissions-reduction activities. Knowledge gaps exist in understanding the interaction of pricing instruments with other climate policy instruments and how governments manage these policies to achieve optimum emissions reductions with lower administrative costs.

Key policy insights

• Countries are learning from each other on ETS implementation.

• Administrative and regulatory structures of ETS jurisdictions appear to evolve and become more robust in every ETS analysed.

• A ‘double dividend’ for emissions reductions may also exist in cases where mitigation occurs as a result of the ETS policy and when auction revenues are reinvested in other emissions-reduction activities.

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区域创新网络模式研究——以长三角城市群为例   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

周灿  曾刚  宓泽锋  鲜果 《地理科学进展》2017,36(7):795-805

网络范式的兴起赋予城市创新模式新的内涵,引起了经济地理学者对不同空间尺度知识流动和创新联系的关注。基于网络视角,以中国知识产权局2014年长三角城市群26个地级市合作发明专利信息为原始数据,借助Ucinet、ArcGIS等分析工具,从本地和跨界多维空间尺度,刻画长三角城市群创新网络结构,测度城市创新网络地位,评价城市创新能力,进而对城市创新模式进行划分。研究表明：①研发密集的大型国有企业、中外合资企业和知名的理工科院校具有较高的知识生产能力,成为长三角城市群创新合作优先链接主体;②长三角城市群重视外部知识获取,跨界网络成为重要的创新合作途径,地理距离对创新合作空间载体选择的制约减弱;③创新网络位置影响知识获取和城市创新,网络视角下的长三角城市群呈现四类创新模式,密集的“本地—跨界”创新网络有助于城市创新。研究结论对长三角城市群不同类型创新模式的优化升级具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

国有企业创新发展与东北三省经济增长：基于VEC模型的分析     

王伟光  侯军利  白雪飞 《地理科学》2016,36(9):1293-1300

在构建国有企业创新发展对地区经济增长影响的理论模型基础上,设计国有企业创新发展与经济增长评价指标体系,基于协整和VEC模型,对东北三省国有企业对经济数量增长和经济质量增长的作用进行了实证分析。实证结果表明：东北三省国有企业创新发展与地区经济增长数量和质量之间的关系存在着非同步性,而且这种关系特点也与全国地区的实证结果存在显著的差异性。  相似文献   

新常态下中国新型城镇化的若干问题   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姚士谋  陈维肖  陈振光  彭丽华 《地域研究与开发》2016,(1):1-4

改革开放以来,中国的城镇发展和城乡一体化建设取得了巨大成就,特别是城市现代化建设与重大基础设施建设方面进步惊人,但在社会经济高速发展的过程中也出现了城镇化冒进、土地流失、资源环境破坏的问题。为此,"十八大"之后,中国领导人多次提出在新常态化下健康稳定地发展新型城镇化。通过分析全球化的背景,提出了对中国城镇化4个特征的认识,并在中国国情分析的基础上提出了走创新发展模式、逐步加强认识中国城市化规律性的问题,比较全面地论述了中国新型城镇化重大策略的新思路,确定了中国应实施以人为本、改善环境、和谐城市、资源节约型的新型城镇化道路。在新常态化下,应结合资源环境条件,因地制宜,适度发展,合理规划,提升质量,走中国社会主义特色的城镇化发展的健康之路。  相似文献   

制度演变与中国城乡发展差距——基于30年省际面板数据的分析     

李玉恒  曹智  贾大猛  张紫雯  刘彦随 《地域研究与开发》2016,(1):45-50

回顾了改革开放以来不同时期制度变迁及其对城乡发展差距的影响。采用30年省际动态面板数据,实证分析了制度演变与城乡发展差距的关系,发现了省域城乡发展差距由沿海向内陆逐级扩大的阶梯状分布规律。政府财政支农制度、乡镇非农产业发展制度均能有效促进农村地区发展,有助于缩小城乡发展差距。然而,户籍制度的存在制约了城乡一体化发展,随着经济发展的不断深入,户籍制度对农村发展的束缚作用开始显现并逐渐加强。未发现农产品价格体系改革对城乡发展差距的影响。在不同时期、不同区域(东部、中部、西部省份),制度演变对省域城乡发展差距的影响具有差异性。针对快速城镇化过程中出现的城进村退问题,建议继续强化对落后地区的支农惠农政策,加大对乡镇工业、服务业的扶持力度,深化户籍制度改革,加快构筑村镇建设格局,为促进城乡互动发展搭建平台。  相似文献   

基于全球—地方视角的创新网络研究进展   总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10  

司月芳  曾刚  曹贤忠  朱贻文 《地理科学进展》2016,35(5):600-609

全球化、创新驱动是新时代的重要特征之一,创新网络成为经济地理学者关注的热点领域之一。在评述现有创新网络研究成果的基础上,本文界定了全球—地方创新网络的内涵和特征,论述了其类型、结构、作用机理和分析方法,并得出结论：全球创新网络与地方创新网络是不可分割的有机体,地方创新网络是全球创新网络的子系统,知识流是创新网络各主体之间联系的重要纽带,行业协会、技术联盟与成员之间的多次协商是全球—地方创新网络的重要组织方式,而网络知识测量方法则能较好地实现定性分析结论与统计计算结论的融合,能较好地刻画、模拟全球—地方创新网络的形态、结构、演变和机理。从服务国家建设和推动中国创新地理学发展的目标出发,有必要开展基于中国国情和视角的全球—地方创新网络机理与区域经济增长之间互动关系的研究,启动不同产业领域的全球—地方创新网络的比较分析,检验网络知识测量方法的可靠性和准确性。  相似文献   

广东省城市创新联系的空间格局演变及优化策略   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

张惠璇  刘青  李贵才 《地理科学进展》2016,35(8):952-962

城市创新联系的研究对揭示创新空间结构特征、制定区域创新发展策略具有重要意义。本文运用空间相互作用模型对广东省2003、2012年21个地级城市的创新联系空间格局进行测度,分析空间格局演变的特征,并探讨广东省创新联系空间格局的发展与优化策略。结果表明：广东省城市创新联系的空间格局呈现新型“核心—边缘”结构,珠三角仍是这一结构的核心,但有弱化和分化趋势;区域整体网络化程度增强,珠三角外围地区有反极化趋势出现。2003-2012年,创新中心城市由5个变为6个,其辐射范围大小及方向发生变化,辐射强度仍维持强强联合的格局。未来应促进现有创新联系空间格局的优化,在区域整体层面上形成多中心网络化的创新结构。  相似文献   

论江西气象科技创新体系改革与建设     

《江西省气象局业务技术体制改革实施方案》编写组 《气象与减灾研究》2005,28(4):47-50

对江西气象科技创新体系改革与建设的内容和方向进行了论述,认为江西气象科技创新体系改革与建设,应坚持“自主创新,重点跨越,支撑发展,引领未来”的科技发展方针,明确科技型、基础性社会公益事业定位,深入实施科技兴气象战略,深化气象科技体制改革,加强原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新;促进业务与科研的结合,形成科技创新引领事业发展的研究型业务,提升气象科技创新能力,提高气象科技水平和气象业务的科技含量,提高气象队伍素质,培养造就具有创新能力、既懂科研又懂业务的学科、技术带头人和复合型人才。  相似文献   

The impact of incorrectly estimating factor productivity in agriculture on the environment and human health   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

C. S. Kim  C. Sandretto  N. D. Uri 《Environmental Geology》1999,37(1-2):47-53

 This paper explores the implications of a misspecification of the production function on the use of factor inputs in the context of the adoption of an alternative production practice (a technological innovation) designed to mitigate the impact of agricultural production on human health and the environment. It is demonstrated that if the level of the use of some inputs is considered rather than their consumptive use (i.e., the actual amount used by a plant), the productivity of the input is inaccurately measured. It is also demonstrated that an aggregate production function approach can lead to overestimation of the value of the marginal product of an input due to the frequently implicit assumptions that the output supply, output demand, and fertilizer demand are infinitely price elastic. The implications of the results are important for determining the optimal use of inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides which have known adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Received: 22 November 1996 · Accepted: 4 May 1998  相似文献