湘闽赣山区劳动力转移差异对梯田撂荒决策和规模的影响     

谢花林  吴箐  李秀彬 《地理学报》2023,78(1):16-34

丘陵山区梯田撂荒现象频发,成为政府农业部门和学术界关注的热点问题。然而,鲜有研究关注劳动力转移差异对农户梯田撂荒行为的影响。基于此,本文以湘闽赣三省梯田区为研究区域,结合实地调研的1438份农户数据,运用Probit和Tobit模型,从劳动力转移差异的视角,分析劳动力非农转移的数量、距离和质量差异对农户梯田撂荒决策和撂荒规模的影响。结果表明：(1)农户家庭劳动力非农就业的数量、就业距离和就业质量均对农户的梯田撂荒决策和撂荒规模具有显著的促进作用;(2)随着非农转移程度的加深,丘陵山区农户梯田撂荒的规模也会扩大;(3)劳动力转移距离和转移质量能够强化劳动力转移数量对农户撂荒决策的影响。为缓解因劳动力非农转移造成的梯田撂荒现象,要重视农业服务外包和机械化在山区的劳动替代作用,积极推进梯田宜机化改造,完善耕地流转市场,鼓励农户流转梯田。  相似文献   

河南省农民工务工地选择及影响因素分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

杨慧敏  高更和  李二玲 《地理科学进展》2014,33(12)

规模巨大的农民工流动是当前中国最重要的社会经济现象之一,而其微观基础是农民工对务工地的选择.基于河南省33个样本村1091位农民工田野调查数据,对农民工微观个体务工地选择及影响因素进行了研究.结果发现,区域农民工的流动方向和务工地选择具有分散与集中相结合的特征,距离决定着社会网络密度和家务管理成本,经济发展水平影响着工资水平的高低和就业机会的多少,二者成为决定农民工整体流动方向的基本因素.影响农民工务工地选择的显著因子为:务工者年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭劳动力数量、人均耕地面积、所在村庄经济发展水平等.其中,年龄较小者、教育程度较低者、已婚者、家庭劳动力数量较多者、村庄经济发展水平较低者选择在较大空间范围内务工的概率较大,由于地形、交通状况因素的影响,人均耕地面积较大者在较大空间范围内务工的概率亦较大,反之亦然.家务管理是务工地选择的重要机制.  相似文献   

浅议山西票号的经营者激励机制     

周虹 《广东海洋大学学报》2006,26(2):58-61

山西票号的激励机制是其经营管理制度中极具特色和创造力的管理机制。其有效运行造就了当时令世界惊叹的“汇通天下”。从对经营者的选拔入手，探讨了票号对经营者激励制度的形式和保障条件。通过对山西票号激励机制的分析。提出其对我国现代企业中激励问题的可借鉴之处。  相似文献   

中国三大城市化区域劳动力市场结构分割研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

徐伟  宁越敏 《世界地理研究》2009,18(2):1-15

本文考察了长三角、珠三角和京津唐三大城市化区域的中国劳动力市场空间与结构类型。基于劳动力市场分异和分割理论．本研究利用全国综合社会调查数据显示了研究区域内劳动力市场分异分割存在的大量证据。劳动力市场以性别、户口性质、企业所有制等为分异轴线的特征十分明显。文章还进一步指出了中国劳动力市场不仅是由劳动力的供求市场关系来塑造。同时也受制于各种制度性因素的作用。人力资本因素如教育等虽然是中国劳动市场分异的重要因素,但户口等制度性要素仍然严重地塑造着劳动力市场的分割。  相似文献   

汶川地震灾区城镇化与进城务工人员的空间分异及流向分析     

方创琳  李茂勋  吴丰林 《山地学报》2009,27(4)

通过分析汶川地震灾区51个县(市、区)的1 271个乡镇城镇人口、外出进城务工人员的调研统计数据发现,汶川地震灾区城镇人口数量少,城镇化水平过低(只有19.8%),比同期全国城镇化水平低24.1个百分点,城市化发展尚处初期阶段;城镇化水平空间差异巨大,较低和低度城镇化地区占78%以上,少数民族地区的城镇化水平更加偏低.但灾区进城务工人员规模达359.31万人,相当于灾区总人口的1/5,根据各乡镇外出进城务工人员比率,将灾区进城务工人员的空间分布分为高外出区、较高外出区、中等外出区、较低外出区、低外出区共五种类型,呈现出到省外的进城务工人员多于到省内县外的进城务工人员,平原丘陵地区多于山地地区、经济相对发达地区多于经济落后地区、人门密集地区多于稀疏地区、城镇化较高地区多于较低地区、汉族地区多于少数民族地区的空间分布特征.综合分析灾区到省外务工的人员流向可知,外出到省外务工人口主要集中在广东、浙江、上海等沿海经济发达地区和山西、新疆等资源富集地区.为了提高灾区城镇化水平,建议加快灾区城乡统筹重建步伐,推进灾区进城务工人员的本土化,变灾民为市民,加大灾区灾民劳务输出的力度,多渠道扩大灾民就业,对口建立灾区劳务输出市场,确定劳务输入的重点区域.  相似文献   

Aggregating dispersed workers: Union organizing in the “care” industries     

Nari Rhee  Carol Zabin 《Geoforum》2009,(6):969-979

This paper analyzes recent union efforts to organize low-wage workers in the home- and community-based segments of homecare, childcare, and services to people with developmental disabilities in the US. In these sectors, consumer demand has combined with privatization to create an army of “flexible”, part-time, poverty-wage workers, most of them women, people of color, and immigrants. This workforce is profoundly fragmented due to the preponderance of small nonprofit employers, widespread self-employment, and spatially atomized labor performed within myriad private homes. However, service sector unions have adapted creatively to these opportunities and constraints by implementing two interlinked scale-jumping strategies to overcome care workers’ spatial and organizational atomization. One is state-by-state policy advocacy to raise labor (and service) standards industry-wide and to aggregate employment through various organizational and legal interventions. The other is coalition building with consumers and advocates at the local, state, and national level to generate essential political support for these measures. We find that the success of this strategy has been shaped in large part by the political landscape of region and the political economy of distinct care industry segments. Finally, the resulting care industry unionism constitutes a distinct strand of an emergent public services unionism—in which consumers and workers struggle to define care labor as a socially necessary public good, and workers pushed into the nebulous zone between state and market struggle to define themselves as public workers.  相似文献   

The impact of river flooding and high flow on the demersal fish assemblages of the freshwater-dominated Great Fish Estuary,South Africa     

P Nodo  NC James  A-R Childs  MDV Nakin 《African Journal of Marine Science》2017,39(4):491-502

Freshwater inflow has a strong impact on the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of estuaries, which in turn affect the distribution and abundance of estuarine organisms. Increased climatic variability associated with climate change is predicated to modify precipitation patterns, which will likely intensify floods in estuaries. The demersal fish assemblage of the freshwater-dominated Great Fish Estuary, South Africa, was sampled using beam trawls, monthly, from December 2013 to November 2014. The first six months of the study were characterised by river flooding and high flow, with estuarine conditions found only in the mouth region; this was followed by six months of intermediate flow, with estuarine conditions recorded up to 10 km from the mouth. River flooding and subsequent reduced salinity resulted in a decrease in species richness and abundances of fishes in the estuary, with only two estuarine species (Glossogobius callidus and Psammogobius knysnaensis) and one marine migrant (Solea turbynei) recorded following river flooding (201 m³ s^?1), in January 2014. The greatest species richness and abundances among both marine and estuarine fishes were recorded during intermediate flow conditions. We conclude that although freshwater inflow into estuaries is important for the nursery function of these systems, flooding—especially in freshwater-dominated estuaries—may cause a temporary decline in the abundance of most marine and estuarine fish species, including important bentho-pelagic marine migrant fishery species, such as Argyrosomus japonicus and Pomadasys commersonnii.  相似文献   

Behind the scenes: How transnational firms are constructing a new international division of labor in media work     

Susan Christopherson 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):739-751

Predictions that work in fields such as computer programming, architecture, and graphic design will be globally sourced have raised the specter of job losses among skilled workers in high wage economies. One of the most interesting cases tied to this controversy is that of so-called “runaway” motion picture and television production from the traditional center of entertainment media production in Los Angeles to non-US satellite production centers. Although runaway production is an old complaint in the entertainment media industries, the production location decisions of media entertainment firms since the mid-1990s look considerably different than those in the 1980s when a similar alarm was raised. Among the critical differences are: (1) the location of an expanded range of production activities in regions outside the “headquarters” location of Los Angeles; (2) the ability of transnational firms to access multiple, self-organized and networked pools of skilled labor in production locations outside Los Angeles; and (3) the expanded role of the sub-national state in reducing the overall production costs of transnational firms, including those attendant to their use of skilled labor pools. The current controversy provides an opportunity to consider how transnational firms use international out-sourcing to address their need for high-skilled and specialized labor in the production process. It also contributes to the on-going theoretical debate over how transnational firms are combining the advantages to be derived from territorial agglomeration with those of substitutability of labor skills in multiple locations.  相似文献   

中国北方农牧交错地区农牧业生产模型及应用:Ⅰ.模型     

李振山  张琦峰  王涛 《中国沙漠》2007,27(1):32-39

 农牧交错区的农牧业生产系统是一个受到社会、经济和自然因素影响的复杂系统,对其模型化需要建立分层系列模型。以农业经济学和土地资源学研究成果为基础,结合风沙科学研究的有关结论以及深入的综合分析,得到了一套包含25个基本变量的农牧业生产数学模型。次一级的模型包括有效劳动模型、固定资本模型、生产费用模型和土地生产潜力模型。在土地生产潜力模型中专门考虑了土地利用类型及沙漠化程度的影响,以确保模型的适用性。基于这套模型可以对农牧业生产的诸多特征进行较为全面的分析。  相似文献   

Migrant worker centers: contending with downgrading in the low-wage labor market     

Nina Martin  Sandra Morales  Nik Theodore 《GeoJournal》2007,68(2-3):155-165

Mass migration to major USA cities is reworking patterns of ethnic jobholding and labor market segmentation. Employers in a variety of industries have turned to recent migrants, many of whom are not authorized to work in the USA, as a stable labor supply for low-wage jobs. As a result, many migrant workers enter urban economies through precarious jobs in low-wage industries and the informal economy where they often endure routine violations of labor and employment laws. This paper examines the activities of a “migrant worker center” in improving wages and working conditions in migrant labor markets. Through a case study of a worker center located in a port-of-entry immigrant neighborhood on Chicago’s Southwest Side, we examine the geographies of the low-wage labor market and the problems that have arisen for workers who hold jobs that effectively exist beyond the reach of government regulation. We argue that migrant worker centers will likely emerge as a key resource for workers who are drawn to global cities by the promise of economic opportunity yet confront harsh conditions in the local labor markets in which they are employed.  相似文献