Nonseismic phenomena in the generation and augmentation of tsunamis     

Patricia A. Lockridge 《Natural Hazards》1990,3(4):403-412

While earthquakes generate about 90% of all tsunamis, volcanic activity, landslides, explosions, and other nonseismic phenomena can also result in tsunamis. There have been 53 000 reported deaths as a result of tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanoes. No death tolls are available for many events, but reports indicate that villages, islands, and even entire civilizations have disappeared. Some of the highest tsunami wave heights ever observed were produced by landslides. In the National Geophysical Data Center world-wide tsunami database, there are nearly 200 tsunami events in which nonseismic phenomena played a major role. In this paper, we briefly discuss a variety of nonseismic phenomena that can result in tsunamis. We discuss the magnitude of the disasters that have resulted from such events, and we discuss the potential for reducing such disasters by education and warning systems.  相似文献   

离子刻蚀全息光栅的研究     

沈邦兴  李开新  张谊萍 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》1987,(1)

利用国产的光刻胶和国产离子刻蚀机在蒸镀的铝基衬底上进行刻蚀全息光栅,在国内是一项较新的技术。本文介绍和论述了该试验工作的工艺过程、参数计算和测试方法,得出了试验结果和参数计算值基本吻合的结论,并指出了进一步改善质量的方向。  相似文献   

地震台实用数据库软件的建立及应用     

郑江蓉 《地震地磁观测与研究》1995,16(2):67-71

该软件主要用于地震台站的大量数据处理及行政管理，全部用关系式数据库ＤＢＡＳＥⅢ编写，在主菜单的控制下，根据各个工作性质及需要选择适合自己的子菜单。它主要包括两大部分：（１）台站行政管理系统，（２）观测资料管理系统，以及每部分下相应的分支。  相似文献   

地球数字产品的空间数学基础   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

胡鹏胡毓钜  吴艳兰杨传勇 李国建 《地球信息科学学报》2001,3(3):36-42

在分析当前地球数字产品空间数学基础局限性的基础上,将地图投影概念由传统的曲面到平面的变换扩展为曲面到曲面的变换,提出一套适合于大型GIS和地球数字产品的“地图投影”模型的实用模型,该模型的视图采用等距离切圆柱投影,度量空间是椭球面几何系统,符合计算机环境下GIS视图与度量空间分离的特性。鉴于全球多分辨率连续可视化,精密可视化量算,三维、多维地球数据统一,标准的空间定位框架和只有在统一的空间系统内全球资源、生态环境数据才能进行精确的地理分析等四个方面的需要,从地图投影进到本模型将是方向和技术趋势。  相似文献   

河流相沉积中准层序与短期基准面旋回对比研究——以四川中部须家河组为例   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

高志勇 《地质学报》2007,81(1):109-118

通过详细分析曲流河沉积动力学特点,在四川中部须家河组建立了河流相沉积的准层序模式。曲流河沉积中可发育粒级向上变细准层序,也可以发育粒级向上变粗的准层序。辫状河准层序表现为粒级向上变细、河道水体向上变浅的准层序,而粒级向上变粗的准层序不发育。河流相准层序界面是河道砂体底部的冲刷侵蚀面,在粒级向上变粗的泛滥平原-决口扇或决口河道沉积中,准层序界面为暴露过泥岩与上部洪水期的暗色泥岩间的界面。将河流相准层序与短期基准面旋回进行精细的分析与对比认为,二者在层序地层学级次划分中时限相当,发育时间为0.01~0.05Ma;二者的界面是相同的,均为河道砂体底部的冲刷侵蚀面或者是暴露过泛滥平原泥岩、根土岩等。河流相中准层序与短期基准面旋回其实是相同时间内沉积的一套相同的沉积体,二者的不同只是分析的角度不同,其实质内容是一致的,即在曲流河短期基准面升降变化过程中,所保留下来的沉积物总是相对河水位是向上变浅的,由位于河水面以下的河道或边滩砂体向上变浅至河水面之上的天然堤、泛滥平原泥岩,此相序特征也正与准层序向上变浅的定义相同。  相似文献   

陕北煤炭基地的矿井水资源及利用   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

范立民  李保平 《地下水》2007,29(5):1-3,7

简要论述了陕北地区煤矿开发的水文地质条件,对矿井水资源量、水质及利用途径进行了阐述.该区大型煤矿每天排水1 500～3 000 m3,中型煤矿也有500 m3左右,小煤矿每天排水30～100 m3,利用好矿井疏干水,不仅可以解决能源化工基地建设的用水需求,而且符合国家产业政策和环境保护的要求,是陕北能源化工基地建设的必然选择.  相似文献   

关于虚拟地理环境研究的几点思考   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

林珲  徐丙立 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(2):1-7

该文主要回答了目前被频繁问及的有关虚拟地理环境的几个问题。重点阐述了虚拟地理环境的概念、发展现状及其基本理论、方法、关键技术与应用,以及与传统地理信息系统的区别。指出虚拟地理环境是在空间数据库和地理模型管理基础上构建的、同时表达地理静态和模拟动态现象的、面向多用户的分布式协同虚拟环境。因此,虚拟地理环境突破地理信息系统以数据共享为核心的框架,走向以数据库和模型库为双核心的知识共享平台,进而形成一个新知识的生成环境。  相似文献   

Origin and stratigraphy of phreatomagmatic deposits at the Pleistocene Sinker Butte Volcano, Western Snake River Plain, Idaho   总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1  

Brittany D. Brand  Craig M. White   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,160(3-4):319-339

Sinker Butte is the erosional remnant of a very large basaltic tuff cone of middle Pleistocene age located at the southern edge of the western Snake River Plain. Phreatomagmatic tephras are exposed in complete sections up to 100 m thick in the walls of the Snake River Canyon, creating an unusual opportunity to study the deposits produced by this volcano through its entire sequence of explosive eruptions. The main objectives of the study were to determine the overall evolution of the Sinker Butte volcano while focusing particularly on the tephras produced by its phreatomagmatic eruptions. Toward this end, twenty-three detailed stratigraphic sections ranging from 20 to 100 m thick were examined and measured in canyon walls exposing tephras deposited around 180° of the circumference of the volcano.Three main rock units are recognized in canyon walls at Sinker Butte: a lower sequence composed of numerous thin basaltic lava flows, an intermediate sequence of phreatomagmatic tephras, and a capping sequence of welded basaltic spatter and more lava flows. We subdivide the phreatomagmatic deposits into two main parts, a series of reworked, mostly subaqueously deposited tephras and a more voluminous sequence of overlying subaerial surge and fall deposits. Most of the reworked deposits are gray in color and exhibit features such as channel scour and fill, planar-stratification, high and low angle cross-stratification, trough cross-stratification, and Bouma-turbidite sequences consistent with their being deposited in shallow standing water or in braided streams. The overlying subaerial deposits are commonly brown or orange in color due to palagonitization. They display a wide variety of bedding types and sedimentary structures consistent with deposition by base surges, wet to dry pyroclastic fall events, and water saturated debris flows.Proximal sections through the subaerial tephras exhibit large regressive cross-strata, planar bedding, and bomb sags suggesting deposition by wet base surges and tephra fallout. Medial and distal deposits consist of a thick sequence of well-bedded tephras; however, the cross-stratified base-surge deposits are thinner and interbedded within the fallout deposits. The average wavelength and amplitude of the cross strata continue to decrease with distance from the vent. These bedded surge and fall deposits grade upward into dominantly fall deposits containing 75–95% juvenile vesiculated clasts and localized layers of welded spatter, indicating a greatly reduced water-melt ratio. Overlying these “dryer” deposits are massive tuff breccias that were probably deposited as water saturated debris flows (lahars). The first appearance of rounded river gravels in these massive tuff breccias indicates downward coring of the diatreme and entrainment of country rock from lower in the stratigraphic section. The “wetter” nature of these deposits suggests a renewed source of external water. The massive deposits grade upward into wet fallout tephras and the phreatomagmatic sequence ends with a dry scoria fall deposit overlain by welded spatter and lava flows.Field observations and two new ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar incremental heating dates suggest the succession of lavas and tephra deposits exposed in this part of the Snake River canyon may all have been erupted from a closely related complex of vents at Sinker Butte. We propose that initial eruptions of lava flows built a small shield edifice that dammed or disrupted the flow of the ancestral Snake River. The shift from effusive to explosive eruptions occurred when the surface water or rising ground water gained access to the vent. As the river cut a new channel around the lava dam, water levels dropped and the volcano returned to an effusive style of eruption.  相似文献   

Performance of a base isolator with shape memory alloy bars   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Fabio Casciati  Lucia Faravelli  Karim Hamdaoui 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2007,6(4):401-408

A new and innovative base isolation device is introduced in this paper based on extensive research carried out by the authors and their co-workers. A prototype of the device was built and experimentally tested on the shaking table. The new base isolation device consists of two disks, one vertical cylinder with an upper enlargement sustained by three horizontal cantilevers, and at least three inclined shape memory alloy (SMA) bars. The role of the SMA bars is to limit the relative motion between the base and the superstructure, to dissipate energy by their super-elastic constitutive law and to guarantee the re-centring of the device. To verify the expected performance, a prototype was built and tested under sinusoidal waves of displacement of increasing frequency with different amplitudes. It is shown that the main feature of the proposed base isolation device is that for cyclic loading, the super-elastic behavior of the alloy results in wide load-displacement loops, where a large amount of energy is dissipated.  相似文献   

基础隔震层钢螺旋弹簧软碰撞限位实验研究     

韩淼  李仙华  杜红凯 《世界地震工程》2007,23(4):39-43

设计制作了基础隔震软碰撞限位实验模型与3种类型的钢螺旋弹簧限位器，给出了实测的限位器力学特性参数。进行9种工况的振动台模型实验，分析实验数据得出了软碰撞限位器参数对结构反应的影响规律，优选出了适用于本隔震实验模型的软碰撞限位工况。  相似文献