沙地柠条(Caragana)灌丛微生境节肢动物群落特征     

刘任涛  郗伟华  刘佳楠  赵娟  常海涛 《中国沙漠》2018,38(1):117-125

以宁夏荒漠草原柠条（Caragana）灌丛林地为研究对象,于2011年春、夏、秋季,利用陷阱诱捕法,调查了灌丛微生境节肢动物群落分布特征。结果表明：（1）调查共获得节肢动物9目31科32个类群,分属于4种功能群（植食性、捕食性、腐食性和杂食性）。其中,优势类群为蚁科（Formicidae）和拟步甲科（Tenebrionidae）,个体数占总个体数的71.97%;常见类群有7科8个类群,个体数占总个体数的19.72%;其余22个类群为稀有类群,个体数仅占总个体数的8.30%。（2）随着季节变化,灌丛内外节肢动物类群组成和个体数分布均发生改变。春季灌丛内外均包括优势类群、常见类群和稀有类群;夏季灌丛内外均包括优势类群,而灌丛下仅有常见类群,无稀有类群,灌丛外既没有常见类群也没有稀有类群;秋季灌丛内外均有优势类群和常见类群,但灌丛内外均无稀有类群。（3）夏季灌丛内外共有类群数最少,相似性指数最低,秋季次之,而春季灌丛内外共有类群数最多,相似性指数也最高。（4）春季和秋季,灌丛内外微生境中节肢动物个体数、丰富度和Shannon指数均无显著差异（P>0.05）。夏季,节肢动物个体数灌丛内外无显著差异性（P>0.05）,但丰富度和Shannon指数均表现为灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）。（5）春季灌丛内外捕食性、植食性和杂食性节肢动物的个体数和丰富度均无显著差异性（P>0.05）;但是,腐食性动物个体数和丰富度均表现为灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）。夏季,仅有捕食性动物丰富度呈现出灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）,而其他指标灌丛内外均无显著差异性（P>0.05）。秋季,每种功能群动物的个体数和丰富度灌丛内外均无显著差异性（P>0.05）。沙地灌丛内外生境中节肢动物的空间分布,既与灌丛本身生理生态学特性相关,也与季节性降雨和温度等气象条件的改变密切相关。  相似文献   

荒漠河岸林区3种典型植物群落下土壤碳氮含量特征     

陈雨晴  席海洋  程文举  赵欣悦 《中国沙漠》2023,43(1):150-159

以黑河下游荒漠河岸林区3种典型植物(苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima))群落下的土壤为研究对象,分析了0～280 cm土层土壤碳氮含量特征,运用Pearson相关分析、通径分析方法揭示了土壤碳氮含量与其他理化性质的关系。结果表明：(1)苦豆子、胡杨、柽柳群落下的土壤平均碳含量分别为16.35、20.23、17.23 mg·g^-1,平均氮含量分别为0.47、0.69、0.61 mg·g^-1,植被类型导致的土壤碳氮含量的差异主要表现在0～10 cm表层。(2)荒漠河岸林区0～160 cm土壤碳储量柽柳(444.64 t·hm-2)>胡杨(398.60 t·hm^-2)>苦豆子(368.95 t·hm^-2),土壤氮储量柽柳(12.46 t·hm^-2)>胡杨(11.88 t·hm^-2)>苦豆子(10.60 t·hm^-2  相似文献   

河岸带土壤磷素空间分布及其对水文过程响应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

钱进  沈蒙蒙  王沛芳  王超  侯俊  李昆  刘晶晶 《水科学进展》2017,28(1):41-48

野外观测太湖地区典型农业河岸带——浯溪荡河岸带土壤总磷（TP）和溶解性总磷（DTP）含量以及当地降雨量、河水水位和地下水水位,探讨了丰水年条件下该河岸带土壤TP和DTP的空间分布特征以及水文过程对其空间分布的影响。结果表明:①在水平方向上,土壤TP和DTP含量从远岸向近岸均呈现先减少后增加的变化趋势;在深度方向上,各断面TP和DTP含量随土层深度的增加均呈减少的变化趋势。②不同月份河水水位均低于地下水水位,地下水补给河水。河水水位和地下水水位随时间的变化规律与降雨量的相似,但具有一定的滞后性。③降雨是土壤水分运动的主要驱动力,降雨、河水水位以及地下水水位对河岸带土壤磷素空间分布的影响显著不同。  相似文献   

章古台固沙造林技术与效益评价   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

邢兆凯  焦树仁 《中国沙漠》1999,19(2):179-183

章古台从1955年开始引种樟子松进行育苗造林试验,至60年代初期引种造林成功后,又于70年代后期在内蒙古敖汉旗扩大引种造林,获得成功。近年樟子松人工林出现了生长减缓现象,主要是由于造林选地不适和经营不善所引起的。樟子松扩大引种造林的技术关键是采取乔灌草型,等宽隔带式造林模式,降水量不低于300~350mm,土壤含水率不低于2.0%~2.5%。土壤类型为生草风沙土、栗钙土型风沙土和黑土型风沙土,pH值为6.8~8.3。造林时间比正常拖后至4月8日~20日之间,2a生苗造林深度以25~35cm为宜,苗木根长以25cm左右为佳,苗木运输前应沾泥浆进行包装。植苗时放在苗木罐中以防根系风干,剔除不合格苗木,造林时铲除干土层或干草皮。对松树幼株进行埋土越冬处理。  相似文献   

Remotely sensed rivers in the Anthropocene: state of the art and prospects     

Hervé Piégay  Fanny Arnaud  Barbara Belletti  Mélanie Bertrand  Simone Bizzi  Patrice Carbonneau  Simon Dufour  Frédéric Liébault  Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva  Louise Slater 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(1):157-188

The rivers of the world are undergoing accelerated change in the Anthropocene, and need to be managed at much broader spatial and temporal scales than before. Fluvial remote sensing now offers a technical and methodological framework that can be deployed to monitor the processes at work and to assess the trajectories of rivers in the Anthropocene. In this paper, we review research investigating past, present and future fluvial corridor conditions and processes using remote sensing and we consider emerging challenges facing fluvial and riparian research. We introduce a suite of remote sensing methods designed to diagnose river changes at reach to regional scales. We then focus on identification of channel patterns and acting processes from satellite, airborne or ground acquisitions. These techniques range from grain scales to landform scales, and from real time scales to inter-annual scales. We discuss how remote sensing data can now be coupled to catchment scale models that simulate sediment transfer within connected river networks. We also consider future opportunities in terms of datasets and other resources which are likely to impact river management and monitoring at the global scale. We conclude with a summary of challenges and prospects for remotely sensed rivers in the Anthropocene. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Long-term large wood load fluctuations in two low-order streams in Southern Chile     

Andrés Iroumé  Manuel Cartagena  Luisa Villablanca  Daniel Sanhueza  Bruno Mazzorana  Lorenzo Picco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):1959-1973

The eco-hydrogeomorphic significance of large wood (LW) and its potential for increasing downstream hazards during extreme floods have been widely recognized. We used LW data collected for a 10-year period from the two low-order streams of Pichún (Pi) and Vuelta de Zorra (VZ) in Southern Chile to (a) determine if the abundance and dimensions of individual LW pieces change with time, (b) quantify wood load fluctuations during the 10-year period, and (c) assess the role of LW recruitment from the riparian forests to explain wood load fluctuations during the study period. Nine years after the first survey, the number of LW pieces in Pi and VZ diminished by 60 and 40%, respectively. Despite the reduction in these numbers, in Pi, the LW dimensions did not change significantly during the study. In VZ, the dimensions exhibited statistically significant differences, despite being within the same class. In both catchments, the LW load fluctuated during a 10-year period, but the drivers of change differed. Although tree toppling was the recruitment mechanism responsible for LW in both stream cases, the high wood load measured in Pi at the beginning of the study suggested massive tree recruitments before the first survey, followed by wood exports which were higher than inputs in the subsequent 10-year period. In VZ, LW load decreased during the first 9 years (mean annual rate of ~9.2 m³ year⁻¹) and then increased by ~12.1 m³ year⁻¹ in year 10. At VZ, the inputs consisted of single trees that were recruited from the riparian area and by upstream flotation, while exports occurred by downstream fluvial transport. Wood inputs and exports occurred asynchronously and led to LW load fluctuations at decadal and annual intervals. Land management and tree species thus exert a major influence on wood inventory and budget in streams. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

荒漠河岸林地下水位时空动态及其对地表径流的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张经天  席海洋 《干旱区地理》2020,43(2):388-397

荒漠河岸林是干旱地区重要的生态系统之一,受间歇性河流补给的浅层地下水是河岸林植物生存的主要水分来源。基于额济纳荒漠河岸林地下水位观测断面具有高时空分辨率的地下水位数据,分析了荒漠河岸林浅层地下水的时空变化及分水事件中河水对地下水的补给特征。结果表明：额济纳绿洲河岸林地下水位在季节尺度上具有植物生长季下降,非生长季上升的变化特征;在植物生长季内,地下水位具有白天下降,夜间上升的日周期变化特征,且日波动幅度主要受不同植被类型及植物不同生长期地下水蒸散速率的影响。黑河下游河水的河道渗漏是沿岸浅层地下水的主要补给来源,在分水过程中,距河道不同距离的地下水位对河水补给的响应时间随距离增加而增大,分水结束时的地下水位上升幅度随距离增加而减小,分水总径流量、分水持续时间和日均径流量是影响地下水补给宽度的主要因素。河道径流渗漏水量的绝大部分都通过蒸散发过程损失,从2013—2015年6次分水事件结束后,地下水估算补给量占其与蒸散量总和的平均比例为23.6%。  相似文献   

Riparian vegetation and island formation along the gravel‐bed Fiume Tagliamento,Italy     

A. M. Gurnell  G. E. Petts  D. M. Hannah  B. P. G. Smith  P. J. Edwards  J. Kollmann  J. V. Ward  K. Tockner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2001,26(1):31-62

After more than 300 years of river management, scientific knowledge of European river systems has evolved with limited empirical knowledge of truly natural systems. In particular, little is known of the mechanisms supporting the evolution and maintenance of islands and secondary channels. The dynamic, gravel‐bed Fiume Tagliamento, Italy, provides an opportunity to acquire baseline data from a river where the level of direct engineering intervention along the main stem is remarkably small. Against a background of a strong alpine to mediterranean climatic and hydrological gradient, this paper explores relationships between topography, sediment and vegetation at eight sites along the active zone of the Tagliamento. A conceptual model of island development is proposed which integrates the interactions between large woody debris and vegetation, geomorphic features, sediment calibre and hydrological regime. Islands may develop on bare gravel sites or be dissected from the floodplain by channel avulsion. Depositional and erosional processes result in different island types and developmental stages. Differences in the apparent trajectories of island development are identified for each of the eight study sites along the river. The management implications of the model and associated observations of the role of riparian vegetation in island development are considered. In particular, the potential impacts of woody debris removal, riparian tree management, regulation of river flow and sediment regimes, and changes in riparian tree species' distribution are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Fractal dimensions of suspended solids in streams: comparison of sampling and analysis techniques     

Dirk H. de Boer  Mike Stone 《水文研究》1999,13(2):239-254

Fluvial suspended sediment typically consists of a variety of complex, composite particles referred to as flocs. Floc characteristics are determined by factors such as the source, size and geochemical properties of the primary particles, chemical and biological coagulation processes in the water column and shear stress and turbulence levels in the stream. Studies of floc morphology have used two contrasting methods of sampling and analysis. In the first method, particles settle on a microscope slide and are observed from below using an inverted microscope. The second method uses filtration at no or low vacuum and particles deposited on the filter are observed with a microscope. Floc morphology can be quantified using fractal dimensions. The aims of the present study were to examine the effect of the two sampling methods on the fractal dimensions of particle populations, and to evaluate for each method how well the fractal dimensions at the various sampling sites reflect basin conditions. Suspended solids were collected in triplicate on inverted microscope slides and on 0·45 μm Millipore HA filters in two southern Ontario streams with contrasting riparian zones during a minor runoff event resulting from the melt of a freshly fallen snowpack. An image analysis system was used to determine area, longest axis and perimeter of particles. The morphology of the particle population of each sample was characterized using four fractal dimensions (D, D₁, D₂ and D_K). Systematic differences in fractal dimensions obtained with the two methods were observed. For the settling method, outlines of larger particles were frequently blurred because of the distance between the focal plane (the top of the inverted microscope slides) and the plane of the particle outline. In this method, the blurring of large particles can cause an increase in the projected area and length of the particle. The effect on the particle perimeter is unpredictable because it depends on the amount of detail lost through blurring and its effect on the apparent increase in particle size. Because of blurring, D and D₁ tend to be systematically lower for the settling method, whereas the net effect on D₂ is unpredictable. Particle size distributions derived from settling are typically coarser because small, low density particles may remain in the water column and all particles may not deposit on the slides. This loss of fines results in systematically lower D_K values for the settling method compared with the filtration method. Fractal dimensions and particle size distributions obtained with the filtration method were sensitive to and clearly indicated differences between drainage basins and between sites within each basin. These differences were explained by basin characteristics and conditions. Fractal dimensions and particle size distributions obtained with the settling method were less sensitive to drainage basin characteristics and conditions, which limits their usefulness as process indicators. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献