DZZ5新型自动站直射表日照观测与人工观测对比     

孟庆勇  次仁德吉  旺堆 《气象科技》2015,43(3):417-421

西藏林芝DZZ5新型自动气象站的太阳直接辐射表配备全自动精密双轴跟踪仪,具备自动观测日照的功能。通过比较新型日照观测仪器和暗筒式日照计所获取资料的差值,给出人工观测资料的换算系数概念,并进一步分析不同差值的形成原因和规律,为衔接使用人工观测日照资料的各种科研工作提供理论依据和参考。按照气象辐射观测业务工作的相关要求,对DZZ5新型自动气象站的设备配置和测报软件方面存在的问题提出具体改进建议,使其达到日照自动观测能稳妥、可靠地取代人工观测的目的。  相似文献   

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张锐  刘志广  占伟  梁洪宝  师宏波  王友  董彦知  李瑜 《大地测量与地球动力学》2014,34(2):31-35

????????????????GNSS??????????????о???????????1???????????????????仯?????????????仯????????仯???????仯?й??2???????????????????????????????????????????????仯????????С??3?????3.5 m????????????????????????????????????????  相似文献   

阳泉市城市化发展对日照时数影响的分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李润春  高欣  郝振华 《高原山地气象研究》2014,(1):51-56

针对山西省阳泉市平定近年日照时数异常减少的情况,利用阳泉市3个地面气象站资料,从影响日照时数的气象因素和社会发展因素出发,比较分析了阳泉市各地城市化发展对日照时数影响的差别,找出平定日照时数异常减少的原因。结果表明:在霾日数、总云量、降水量、相对湿度等相关的气象要素中,平定日照时数的变化与霾日数相关性最强;平定、阳泉日照时数与霾日数显著负相关,日照时数的大幅减少与霾日数的大幅增加相伴;平定、阳泉主要城市发展因子与霾日数显著正相关,与日照时数显著负相关,城市化发展使平定、阳泉大气污染物增加、霾日数增加、大气透明度下降、日照时数减少。城市化发展对日照时数的影响与城市化发展速度及地理地形形成的大气污染扩散条件有关。平定城市化急剧发展与山间盆地地形的共同因素导致平定日照时数异常减少。  相似文献   

Progress in Studies of the Precipitation Diurnal Variation over Contiguous China          下载免费PDF全文

YU Rucong  LI Jian  CHEN Haoming  YUAN Weihua 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(5):877-902

This paper summarizes the recent progress in studies of the diurnal variation of precipitation over con- tiguous China. The main results are as follows. （1） The rainfall diurnal variation over contiguous China presents distinct regional features. In summer, precipitation peaks in the late afternoon over the south- ern inland China and northeastern China, while it peaks around midnight over southwestern China. In the upper and middle reaches of Yangtze River valley, precipitation occurs mostly in the early morning. Summer precipitation over the central eastern China （most regions of the Tibetan Plateau） has two diurnal peaks, i.e., one in the early morning （midnight） and the other in the late afternoon. （2） The rainfall diurnal variation experiences obvious seasonal and sub-seasonal evolutions. In cold seasons, the regional contrast of rainfall diurnal peaks decreases, with an early morning maximum over most of the southern China. Over the central eastern China, diurnal monsoon rainfall shows sub-seasonal variations with the movement of summer monsoon systems. The rainfall peak mainly occurs in the early morning （late afternoon） during the active （break） monsoon period. （3） Cloud properties and occurrence time of rainfall diurnal peaks are different for long- and short-duration rainfall events. Long-duration rainfall events are dominated by strat- iform precipitation, with the maximum surface rain rate and the highest profile occurring in the late night to early morning, while short-duration rainfall events are more related to convective precipitation, with the maximum surface rain rate and the highest profile occurring between the late afternoon and early night. （4） The rainfall diurnal variation is influenced by multi-scale mountain-valley and land-sea breezes as well as large-scale atmospheric circulation, and involves complicated formation and evolution of cloud and rainfall systems. The diurnal cycle of winds in the lower troposphere also contributes to the regional differences  相似文献   

我国东南沿海午后短时降水极端峰值强度与湿度和地表气温的关联   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

孙溦  原韦华  李建  宇如聪 《热带气象学报》2014,30(5):932-940

利用中国东南沿海地区55个站点的逐时降水、日平均地面温湿场、低空气温露点差及OISST海表温度资料,对午后短时降水的极端峰值强度与湿度和地表气温的关联进行分析。结果表明,东南沿海地区午后短时降水极端峰值强度随气温的变化趋势存在明显变化,日最高气温低于29℃时,峰值强度随气温升高而上升;日最高气温高于29℃时,峰值强度随气温升高而下降。分析水汽条件作用发现,峰值强度在高温条件下随气温的升高而下降的现象与相对湿度变化有关,日最高气温较高时,相对湿度随气温的升高而大幅减小。初步分析可知,当陆地达到较高温度并进一步增温时,附近海域海表温度变化不大,使得洋面水汽含量增加较少。在陆地水汽主要来自于海洋的情况下,伴随陆地的进一步升温,地表相对湿度将减小。  相似文献   

黑龙江省1981-2010年气候平均值的变化及对气候评价的影响     

孙爽  ;高原  ;裴宇航  ;朱红蕊  ;王春丽 《黑龙江气象》2014,(2):1-3

利用黑龙江省气候评价业务使用的71个气象台站的气温、降水和日照时数资料,对1981-2010年气候平均值和1971-2000年气候平均值进行比较。结果表明:黑龙江省大部地区年平均气温升高,冬季偏暖突出;年降水量大部地区增多,春季、夏季、冬季降水量增多,秋季减少,7月降水量增幅最大;年日照时数大部地区减少。  相似文献   

Assessing the impact of climate variability and human activities on streamflow from the Wuding River basin in China     

Li-Juan Li  Lu Zhang  Hao Wang  Juan Wang  Jun-Wei Yang  De-Juan Jiang  Jiu-Yi Li  Da-Yong Qin 《水文研究》2007,21(25):3485-3491

Located in the Loess Plateau of China, the Wuding River basin (30 261 km²) contributes significantly to the total sediment yield in the Yellow River. To reduce sediment yield from the catchment, large-scale soil conservation measures have been implemented in the last four decades. These included building terraces and sediment-trapping dams and changing land cover by planting trees and improving pastures. It is important to assess the impact of these measures on the hydrology of the catchment and to provide a scientific basis for future soil conservation planning. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall–Sneyers rank test was employed to detect trends and changes in annual streamflow for the period of 1961 to 1997. Two methods were used to assess the impact of climate variability on mean annual streamflow. The first is based on a framework describing the sensitivity of annual streamflow to precipitation and potential evaporation, and the second relies on relationships between annual streamflow and precipitation. The two methods produced consistent results. A significant downward trend was found for annual streamflow, and an abrupt change occurred in 1972. The reduction in annual streamflow between 1972 and 1997 was 42% compared with the baseline period (1961–1971). Flood-season streamflow showed an even greater reduction of 49%. The streamflow regime of the catchment showed a relative reduction of 31% for most percentile flows, except for low flows, which showed a 57% reduction. The soil conservation measures reduced streamflow variability, leading to more uniform streamflow. It was estimated that the soil conservation measures account for 87% of the total reduction in mean annual streamflow in the period of 1972 to 1997, and the reduction due to changes in precipitation and potential evaporation was 13%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Characteristics of rain events at an inland locality in northeastern Borneo,Malaysia     

Kawi Bidin  Nick A. Chappell 《水文研究》2006,20(18):3835-3850

Understanding the intensity and duration of tropical rain events is critical to modelling the rate and timing of wet‐canopy evaporation, the suppression of transpiration, the generation of infiltration‐excess overland flow and hence to erosion, and to river responsiveness. Despite this central role, few studies have addressed the characteristics of equatorial rainstorms. This study analyses rainfall data for a 5 km² region largely comprising of the 4 km² Sapat Kalisun Experimental Catchment in the interior of northeastern Borneo at sampling frequencies from 1 min^?1 to 1 day^?1. The work clearly shows that most rainfall within this inland, forested area is received during regular short‐duration events (<15 min) that have a relatively low intensity (i.e. less than two 0·2 mm rain‐gauge tips in almost all 5 min periods). The rainfall appears localized, with significant losses in intergauge correlations being observable in minutes in the case of the typical mid‐afternoon, convective events. This suggests that a dense rain‐gauge network, sampled at a high temporal frequency, is required for accurate distributed rainfall‐runoff modelling of such small catchments. Observed rain‐event intensity is much less than the measured infiltration capacities, and thus supports the tenet of the dominance of quick subsurface responses in controlling river behaviour in this small equatorial catchment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration and controlling factors: Implications for climatic drought in karst areas          下载免费PDF全文

Guo Xiao-jiao  Wang Wen-zhong  Li Cheng-xi  Wang Wei  Shi Jian-sheng  Miao Ying  Hao Xing-bo  Yuan Dao-xian 《地下水科学与工程》2022,10(3):267-284

Variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and drought characteristics play a key role in the effect of climate change on water cycle and associated ecohydrological patterns. The accurate estimation of ET₀ is still a challenge due to the lack of meteorological data and the heterogeneity of hydrological system. Although there is an increasing trend in extreme drought events with global climate change, the relationship between ET₀ and aridity index in karst areas has been poorly studied. In this study, we used the Penman–Monteith method based on a long time series of meteorological data from 1951 to 2015 to calculate ET₀ in a typical karst area, Guilin, Southwest China. The temporal variations in climate variables, ET₀ and aridity index (AI) were analyzed with the Mann–Kendall trend test and linear regression to determine the climatic characteristics, associated controlling factors of ET₀ variations, and further to estimate the relationship between ET₀ and AI. We found that the mean, maximum and minimum temperatures had increased significantly during the 65-year study period, while sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity exhibited significant decreasing trends. The annual ET₀ showed a significant decreasing trend at the rate of ?8.02 mm/10a. However, significant increase in air temperature should have contributed to the enhancement of ET₀, indicating an “evaporation paradox”. In comparison, AI showed a slightly declining trend of ?0.0005/a during 1951–2015. The change in sunshine duration was the major factor causing the decrease in ET₀, followed by wind speed. AI had a higher correlation with precipitation amount, indicating that the variations of AI was more dependent on precipitation, but not substantially dependent on the ET₀. Although AI was not directly related to ET₀, ET₀ had a major contribution to seasonal AI changes. The seasonal variations of ET₀ played a critical role in dryness/wetness changes to regulate water and energy supply, which can lead to seasonal droughts or water shortages in karst areas. Overall, these findings provide an important reference for the management of agricultural production and water resources, and have an important implication for drought in karst regions of China.  相似文献   

重庆多历时极值降水的概率型优选及应用     

王颖  刘晓冉  程炳岩  孙佳 《气象科学》2020,40(4):560-568

基于重庆34个国家气象站1981—2016年5 min,24 h至3 d的过程最大雨量共18个年极值降水序列,利用线性矩法计算6种常用概率分布函数的模型参数,通过备选最优模型筛选法客观选取各站各历时极值降水的最优概率模型,并将优选结果应用于重庆不同历时百年重现期降水的计算。结果表明:模型优选方法得到的重庆各站不同历时极值降水的最优线型略有差异,广义极值分布占比最大,三参数Weibull分布次之,三参数对数正态分布第三,皮尔逊Ⅲ型和Gumbel分布相当,指数分布最差。最优线型计算的重庆不同历时百年重现期降水的空间分布大值区由短历时的点状分布向长历时的片状分布转变,渝东北的大值中心受地形影响不断向北移动。基于线性矩法的概率模型参数估计及客观的线型优选过程具有较强的可操作性和适应性,可应用于其他工程气象参数的推算中。  相似文献