Oceanographic controls on shallow‐water temperate carbonate sedimentation: Spencer Gulf,South Australia          下载免费PDF全文

Laura G. O'Connell  Noel P. James  Mark Doubell  John F. Middleton  John Luick  David R. Currie  Yvonne Bone 《Sedimentology》2016,63(1):105-135

Spencer Gulf is a large (ca 22 000 km²), shallow (<60 m water depth) embayment with active heterozoan carbonate sedimentation. Gulf waters are metahaline (salinities 39 to 47‰) and warm‐temperate (ca 12 to ?28°C) with inverse estuarine circulation. The integrated approach of facies analysis paired with high‐resolution, monthly oceanographic data sets is used to pinpoint controls on sedimentation patterns with more confidence than heretofore possible for temperate systems. Biofragments – mainly bivalves, benthic foraminifera, bryozoans, coralline algae and echinoids – accumulate in five benthic environments: luxuriant seagrass meadows, patchy seagrass sand flats, rhodolith pavements, open gravel/sand plains and muddy seafloors. The biotic diversity of Spencer Gulf is remarkably high, considering the elevated seawater salinities. Echinoids and coralline algae (traditionally considered stenohaline organisms) are ubiquitous. Euphotic zone depth is interpreted as the primary control on environmental distribution, whereas seawater salinity, temperature, hydrodynamics and nutrient availability are viewed as secondary controls. Luxuriant seagrass meadows with carbonate muddy sands dominate brightly lit seafloors where waters have relatively low nutrient concentrations (ca 0 to 1 mg Chl‐a m^?3). Low‐diversity bivalve‐dominated deposits occur in meadows with highest seawater salinities and temperatures (43 to 47‰, up to 28°C). Patchy seagrass sand flats cover less‐illuminated seafloors. Open gravel/sand plains contain coarse bivalve–bryozoan sediments, interpreted as subphotic deposits, in waters with near normal marine salinities and moderate trophic resources (0·5 to 1·6 mg Chl‐a m^?3) to support diverse suspension feeders. Rhodolith pavements (coralline algal gravels) form where seagrass growth is arrested, either because of decreased water clarity due to elevated nutrients and associated phytoplankton growth (0·6 to 2 mg Chl‐a m^?3), or bottom waters that are too energetic for seagrasses (currents up to 2 m sec^?1). Muddy seafloors occur in low‐energy areas below the euphotic zone. The relationships between oceanographic influences and depositional patterns outlined in Spencer Gulf are valuable for environmental interpretations of other recent and ancient (particularly Neogene) high‐salinity and temperate carbonate systems worldwide.  相似文献   

Throughfall and its spatial variability in a temperate rainforest of simple structure     

Jennifer Styger  Jamie B. Kirkpatrick  Greg Unwin 《自然地理学》2016,37(3-4):251-263

There are few throughfall data from southern hemisphere closed-forest, and none from Tasmanian callidendrous cool-temperate rainforest, which has a simpler structure than most primary rainforests. We determined throughfall, measured its local spatial variation, and tested its relationships with rainfall, rainfall intensity, wind speed, canopy dryness, canopy cover, and other structural variables in a cool-temperate callidendrous rainforest in Tasmania. Eighty-two percent of the precipitation was measured as throughfall, which occurred after 2.3 mm of rain fell on dry canopies. The cumulative rainfall in 25 randomly located funnel rain gauges on the forest floor varied from 160 to 567 mm. Canopy cover and other structural variables did not predict the spatial pattern of throughfall. While throughfall in rainfall events was related to rainfall amount and intensity, wind speed did not affect throughfall as a percentage of rainfall. Percentages of throughfall to rainfall over 100 for many low rainfall events may indicate a contribution of fog drip to precipitation on the forest floor. The high local spatial variability in throughfall indicates the mean moisture conditions on the forest floor may not be a good indicator of the potential for localised fire damage.  相似文献   

QUANTIFYING UNCERTAINTY IN USING MULTIPLE DATASETS TO DETERMINE SPATIOTEMPORAL ICE MASS LOSS OVER 101 YEARS AT KÅRSAGLACIÄREN,SUB‐ARCTIC SWEDEN          下载免费PDF全文

CHRISTOPHER N. WILLIAMS  JONATHAN L. CARRIVICK  ANDREW J. EVANS  DAVID M. RIPPIN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(1):61-79

Glacier mass balance and mass balance gradient are fundamentally affected by changes in glacier 3D geometry. Few studies have quantified changing mountain glacier 3D geometry, not least because of a dearth of suitable spatiotemporally distributed topographical information. Additionally, there can be significant uncertainty in georeferencing of historical data and subsequent calculations of the difference between successive surveys. This study presents multiple 3D glacier reconstructions and the associated mass balance response of Kårsaglaciären, which is a 0.89 ± 0.01 km² mountain glacier in sub‐arctic Sweden. Reconstructions spanning 101 years were enabled by historical map digitisation and contemporary elevation and thickness surveys. By considering displacements between digitised maps via the identification of common tie‐points, uncertainty in both vertical and horizontal planes were estimated. Results demonstrate a long‐term trend of negative mass balance with an increase in mean elevation, total glacier retreat (1909–2008) of 1311 ± 12 m, and for the period 1926–2010 a volume decrease of 1.0 ± 0.3 × 10^–3 km³ yr^–1. Synthesising measurements of the glaciers’ past 3D geometry and ice thickness with theoretically calculated basal stress profiles explains the present thermal regime. The glacier is identified as being disproportionately fast in its rate of mass loss and relative to area, is the fastest retreating glacier in Sweden. Our long‐term dataset of glacier 3D geometry changes will be useful for testing models of the evolution of glacier characteristics and behaviour, and ultimately for improving predictions of meltwater production with climate change.  相似文献   

RESPONSE OF A TEMPERATE ALPINE VALLEY GLACIER TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE DECADAL SCALE          下载免费PDF全文

CHRYSTELLE GABBUD  NATAN MICHELETTI  STUART N. LANE 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(1):81-95

Glacier advance and recession are considered key indicators of climate change. Understanding the relationship between climatic variations and glacial responses is crucial. Here, we apply archival digital photogrammetry to reconstruct the decadal scale glacial history of an unmonitored Alpine valley glacier, the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, and we use the data generated to explore the linkages between glacier recession and climate forcing. High precision digital elevation models were derived. They show continual recession of the glacier since 1967, associated with long‐term climatic amelioration but only a weak reaction to shorter‐term climatic deterioration. Glacier surface velocity estimates obtained using surface particle tracking showed that, unlike for most Swiss glaciers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, ice mass flux from the accumulation zone was too low to compensate for the effects of glacier thinning and subsequent snout recession, especially during the rapid warming that occurred through the 1980s. The results emphasise the dangers of inferring glacier response to climate forcing from measurements of the terminus position only and the importance of using remote sensing methods as an alternative, especially where historical imagery is available.  相似文献   

Characteristics and source of aerosols at Shiyi Glacier,Qilian Mountains, China     

XiaoYu Zhang  ZhongQin Li  Ping Zhou  ShengJie Wang 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(2):135-146

Aerosol samples were collected in the Shiyi Glacier,Qilian Mountains from July 24 to August 19,2012 and analyzed for major water-soluble ionic species(F^-,Cl^-,NO₂^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,NH₄⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) by ion chromatography. SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ were the most abundant components of all the anions and cations,with average concentrations of 94.72 and 54.26 neq/m³,respectively,accounting for 34% and 20% of the total water-soluble ions analyzed.These mean ion concentrations were generally comparable with the background conditions in remote sites of the Qilian Mountains,but were much lower than those in certain cities in China.The particles were grouped into two dominant types according to their morphology and EDX signal:Si-rich particles and Fe-rich particles.Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that inland cities may contribute some anthropogenic pollution to this glacier,while the arid and semi-arid regions of central Asia were the primary sources of the mineral particles.  相似文献   

Research progress on methylmercury in the cryosphere北大核心CSCD     

唐文君  黄杰  康世昌  马明  张强弓  郭军明  孙学军 《冰川冻土》2023,(1):80-93

The cryosphere is one of the climate system component which plays an important role in the global biogeochemical mercury cycling. Anthropogenic mercury has been transported to remote cold and high regions worldwide through atmospheric circulation,and then transformed into methylmercury in the cryosphere. As one of the highly toxic environmental pollutants,methylmercury can be greatly bioaccumulated and biomagnified through the food web,which potentially poses threats to human and wildlife as well as the global cryospheric en⁃ vironments. In order to gain a full picture of research progress on methylmercury in the cryosphere,our study comprehensively summarized the concentration levels and analytical methods of methylmercury,and biogeo⁃ chemical processes such as the migration,transformation and fate of methylmercury in various cryospheric envi⁃ ronments including glacier,permafrost,snow ice and sea ice. We particularly made the literature review of mi⁃ crobial mercury methylation and evaluated the risk of methylmercury exposure to human and wildlife in the cryo⁃ sphere. Meanwhile,we focus on distribution,behavior,and environmental effects of methylmercury in the cryosphere against the backdrop of climate change,which is essential for assessing the exposure risk of methyl⁃ mercury to humans and wildlife. Perspectives of methylmercury researches in the cryosphere have also been highlighted in this review,though there is existing a knowledge gap of biogeochemical methylmercury cycling in the low temperature environments which merits further study. © 2023 The Author(s).  相似文献   

反照率对冬克玛底冰川径流及物质平衡模拟影响研究北大核心CSCD     

冯紫荆  何天豪  汪少勇  何晓波  高红凯 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):1053-1062

反照率是影响冰川融水径流和冰川物质平衡的重要因素,但仍缺乏考虑反照率对冰川径流及物质平衡模拟效果影响的定量研究。本研究基于自主研发的冰川流域水文模型(FLEXG),在模型中加入反照率和入射短波辐射,以改进模型。利用2005-2014年长江源区冬克玛底冰川流域实测水文气象数据,以及2010-2014年小冬克玛底冰川各高程带物质平衡数据,开展了冰川流域径流和冰川物质平衡的模拟研究。研究发现:考虑反照率和入射短波辐射后,FLEXG模型对日尺度径流的模拟有一定改善,验证期KGE从0.49提高到0.51;冰川物质平衡的模拟也有明显提高,R2从0.67提高到0.83。同时,6-9月冰川径流的贡献从63%提高到66%,与利用同位素信息分割径流的结果更为接近,模拟真实性得到明显提高。  相似文献   

Surface velocity monitoring of Skamri Glacier from 2018 to 2021 based on Landsat-8 images北大核心CSCD     

王凯  孙永玲  孙世金  刘晓 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):971-983

Skamri Glacier is the largest glacier in China, and it is a surge-type glacier. The study on the charac⁃ teristics of glacial movement is of great significance for early warning of glacial disasters caused by glacier surge. In this paper, 20 pairs of Landsat-8 images from 2018 to 2021 were selected to extract the surface veloci⁃ ty of Skamri Glacier using optical image feature tracking method, analyze the uncertainty of velocity, and ana⁃ lyze the temporal and spatial changes characteristics of velocity of the glacier. The results show that there are ob⁃ vious spatial differences in the surface velocity of Skamri Glacier. During the period from January 2018 to June 2019, the velocity of the south tributary of Skamri Glacier is much greater than that of its north tributary（west）, while during the period from June 2019 to November 2021, it presents completely opposite spatial characteris⁃ tics, which is mainly due to the sudden increase of the velocity of the north tributary（west）in June 2019. Ac⁃ cording to the results of velocity changes from 2018 to 2021, it is found that the north tributary（west）surges in June 2019 and is still in the surge period until November 2021. The north tributary（west）glacier terminus will advance about 320 m towards the main glacier from August 2020 to September 2021;The velocity of the south tributary has been very large during the study period, and the maximum velocity reaches 441 m·a-1;The veloci⁃ ty of the north tributary（east）of Skamri Glacier increased sharply in July 2021, and the tributary may surge;The velocity of the main glacier of Skamri Glacier increased significantly after the confluence of the south tribu⁃ tary and the surge of the two north tributaries. In addition, there are temporal and spatial differences in the eleva⁃ tion distribution of the maximum velocity of the main glacier and its tributaries in this area. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.  相似文献   

InSAR-MAI技术监测玉树地震2-D同震形变场研究     

侯林锋 《测绘工程》2015,(11)

InSAR由于大范围、高精度、全天候等优势,被广泛应用。但InSAR局限于监测视线向形变,无法观测方位向形变。多孔径干涉测量技术(MAI)作为一种监测方位向形变的有效技术得到广泛应用,其精度可达厘米级。该技术对监测快速,激烈的地表形变更为有效,如冰川流速、同震形变等。文中利用MAI-InSAR技术,选用日本ALOS卫星PALSAR数据,监测玉树Mw=6.9地震的2-D同震形变场,获得有益的结论。  相似文献   

Inventory of Glaciers in Mongolia,Derived from Landsat Imagery from 1989 to 2011          下载免费PDF全文

Ulrich Kamp  Caleb G. Pan 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(4):653-669

Glaciers in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia provide an estimated 11% of the total water resources within the country. Yet, their number and area in inconsistent. Using satellite imagery acquired from Landsat 4, 5, and 7, and SRTM digital elevation model (DEM) data, we present here an intuitive, robust, and inexpensive methodology to map the exposed ice of glaciers in the Altai Mountains for the period 1989 to 2011. The total glacierized area was 515 km² in 1989/1991, 428 km² in 1998/2001, and 372 km² in 2010/2011; it decreased by 17% from 1989/1991 to 1998/2001, 13% from 1998/2001 to 2010/2011, and 28% for the entire period 1989/1991 to 2010/2011. In analyzing a sub‐sample of 260 glaciers, 6% advanced, 11% were stable, and 83% receded from 1989 to 2011. The glacier dataset is available to the public free of charge at the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) website.  相似文献