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581.
基于NDVI的西藏自治区草地退化评价模型 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
本文选择草地退化三个主要的表征因子草地盖度、牧草生物量和牧草植株高度来反映草地“量”的退化程度,并运用因子分析的方法算出各个表征因子的权重,加权求和得出草地综合评价指数。最后根据NDVI与草地综合评价指数建立草地退化评价模型,为草地退化的遥感宏观评价提供了一种新方法。 相似文献
582.
高原草地退化遥感监测对象的地学属性分析--以西藏自治区那曲县为例 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文通过分析那曲县草地退化遥感监测对象的空间分布特征、波谱响应特征和时相特征三个地学属性,得出以下结论:(1)那曲县的自然景观单元分异程度比较低;(2)退化草地植被在TM5、6波段具有高反射值,LAND-SAT TM信息源中具有对草地植被退化敏感的波段TM7,TM5和TM3;(3)高原植被返青比较晚,生长期短,7、8月份是牧草生长旺季。并根据地学属性分析结论选择7月下旬的LANDSAT TM图像作为草地退化动态监测的主要遥感信息源。 相似文献
583.
S. C. Goslee K. M. Havstad D. P. C. Peters A. Rango W. H. Schlesinger 《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,54(4):755-767
Encroachment of the shrub Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (honey mesquite) into semi-arid grasslands is a serious concern in the south-western United States, yet little is known about the long-term dynamics of the invasion process. We used ten high-resolution aerial and satellite images taken from 1936 to 1996 to track the population dynamics and spatial pattern of all P. glandulosa greater than 2 m in diameter on a 75 ha area in southern New Mexico.Shrub cover and patch numbers increased from 1936 to the 1970s, then stabilized at 43% cover and 83 patches ha−1. Individual patches were extremely persistent: 95% of the area occupied by shrub patches in 1936 was still occupied in 1996. Recruitment into the 2 m size class was more variable: 0·6–5·2% year−1 (mean 0·8% year−1). Patch-shape complexity increased from 1936 to 1983 as adjacent shrubs merged, and then declined as those clusters filled in and became rounder. Spatial pattern of shrubs showed a distinct trend over time: strongly clustered in 1936 at lag distances up to 250 m, then random arrangement at all scales, and by 1983 pattern was regular at lag distances greater than 100 m. There was no clear relationship with precipitation.The use of remote sensing imagery allowed us to examine one site over time, and revealed patterns in population dynamics and spatial pattern that would not have been visible otherwise. Comparison of field estimates collected in 2001 with 1996 image data suggest that the canopy cover estimates were accurate, but shrub densities were seriously underestimated in the satellite photographs, which do not show shrubs smaller than 2 m diameter. As long as limitations of the imagery are understood, these methods can be applied over a larger and more heterogeneous area to examine environmental correlates of invasion success. 相似文献
584.
Spit-platform temperate carbonates: the origin of landward-downlapping beds along a basin margin (Lower Pliocene, Carboneras Basin, SE Spain) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT Lower Pliocene temperate carbonates exhibit landward‐downlapping beds at the southern margin of the Carboneras Basin in south‐eastern Spain. This rarely documented stratal geometry resulted from the accumulation of bedded bioclastic carbonate sand and gravel by longshore currents along a spit platform located a few hundred metres from the palaeoshoreline. The top of the spit platform was covered by shoals that extended over a gently dipping ramp inclined to the north. On the landward slope of the spit, sediments washed over from the shoal area were deposited in parallel‐laminated beds with a southward dip of 8–11°. These beds aggraded and retrograded after an increase in accommodation space, probably related to an Early Pliocene eustatic sea‐level rise. As a result, the beds downlap onto the underlying unconformity surface in a shoreward direction. Eventually, the depression between the shoreline and the spit platform was filled, and a gentle ramp became established. These Pliocene exposures in the Carboneras Basin and a similar Upper Miocene example in southern Spain suggest that landward‐downlapping stratal geometries can be expected in nearshore temperate carbonates along basin margins, and demonstrate a similarity in sedimentary dynamics to siliciclastic sands and gravels. 相似文献
585.
586.
通过航空物探(电、磁)综合站在已知铜钼多金属矿床上的飞行测量结果,根据从已知到未知的原则,建立航空物探(电、磁)综合测量在草原、森林、沼泽区寻找斑岩型铜多金属矿的找矿模式。根据此试验模式圈定的航空物探异常,在进行地面查证时取得很好的地质效果。 相似文献
587.
588.
During the Late Tortonian, shallow‐water temperate carbonates were deposited in a small bay on a gentle ramp linked to a small island (Alhama de Granada area, Granada Basin, southern Spain). A submarine canyon (the ‘Alhama Submarine Canyon’) developed close to the shoreline, cross‐cutting the temperate‐carbonate ramp. The Alhama Submarine Canyon had an irregular profile and steep slopes (10° to 30°). It was excavated in two phases reflected by two major erosion surfaces, the lowermost of which was incised at least 50 m into the ramp. Wedge‐shaped and trough‐shaped, concave‐up beds of calcareous (terrigenous) deposits overlie these erosional surfaces and filled the canyon. A combination of processes connected to sea‐level changes is proposed to explain the evolution of the Alhama Submarine Canyon. During sea‐level fall, part of the carbonate ramp became exposed and a river valley was excavated. As sea‐level rose, river flows continued along the submerged, former river‐channel, eroding and deepening the valley and creating a submarine canyon. At this stage, only some of the transported conglomerates were deposited locally. As sea‐level continued to rise, the river mouth became detached from the canyon head; littoral sediments, transported by longshore and storm currents, were now captured inside the canyon, generating erosive flows that contributed to its excavation. Most of the canyon infilling took place later, during sea‐level highstand. Longshore‐transported well‐sorted calcarenites/fine‐grained calcirudites derived from longshore‐drift sandwaves poured into and fed the canyon from the south. Coarse‐grained, bioclastic calcirudites derived from a poorly sorted, bioclastic ‘factory facies’ cascaded into the canyon from the north during storms. 相似文献
589.
Seasonal snowpack dynamics are described through field measurements under contrasting canopy conditions for a mountainous catchment in the Japan Sea region. Microclimatic data, snow accumulation, albedo and lysimeter runoff are given through the complete winter season 2002–03 in (1) a mature cedar stand, (2) a larch stand, and (3) a regenerating cedar stand or opening. The accumulation and melt of seasonal snowpack strongly influences streamflow runoff during December to May, including winter baseflow, mid‐winter melt, rain on snow, and diurnal peaks driven by radiation melt in spring. Lysimeter runoff at all sites is characterized by constant ground melt of 0·8–1·0 mm day−1. Rapid response to mid‐winter melt or rainfall shows that the snowpack remains in a ripe or near‐ripe condition throughout the snow‐cover season. Hourly and daily lysimeter discharge was greatest during rain on snow (e.g. 7 mm h−1 and 53 mm day−1 on 17 December) with the majority of runoff due to rainfall passing through the snowpack as opposed to snowmelt. For both rain‐on‐snow and radiation melt events lysimeter discharge was generally greatest at the open site, although there were exceptions such as during interception melt events. During radiation melt instantaneous discharge was up to 4·0 times greater in the opening compared with the mature cedar, and 48 h discharge was up to 2·5 times greater. Perhaps characteristic of maritime climates, forest interception melt is shown to be important in addition to sublimation in reducing snow accumulation beneath dense canopies. While sublimation represents a loss from the catchment water balance, interception melt percolates through the snowpack and contributes to soil moisture during the winter season. Strong differences in microclimate and snowpack albedo persisted between cedar, larch and open sites, and it is suggested further work is needed to account for this in hydrological simulation models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
590.
高寒干旱退化草地披针叶黄华群落土壤种子库 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以石羊河上游高寒干旱退化草地披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolate)群落为研究对象,采取现场植物测定与土壤采样分析相结合的方法,对祁连山北坡中山区的皇城盆地实验地土壤种子库的基本特征以及与地上植被的关系进行了对比研究。结果表明:植被物种共有14种,隶属于7个科,物种在植被群落中优势度的变化差异明显。在披针叶黄华盖度梯度下,可食草优势度之和始终不小于不食草,其它不食草都未稳定存在。土壤种子库中共检测出草本植物16种,隶属于11个科。可食草种类以禾本科、菊科和豆科为主,共10种,种子库密度为5 837±4 659个·m-2,占21.1%,不食草种类以菊科为主,共6种,密度为21 727±14 514个·m-2,占78.9%。在不同植被覆盖度梯度下,可食草土壤种子库密度明显小于各梯度不食草密度,功能群物种呈现单峰分布格局,可食草种子的物种数为明显的下降趋势,不食草种子的物种数变化趋势与可食草的相反。可食草相似性系数呈现降低的状态,由梯度I的0.545降为梯度V的0.286;不食草的相似性系数呈现升高的趋势,由梯度I的0升为梯度V的0.667。 相似文献