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The process of embryogenesis and larval development of the asteroid sea star Asterias amurensis (Lütken) was observed, with
special attention paid to morphological change and larval duration. In reproductive season, mature sea stars were collected
under floating net cages, located in Tongyeong, southern Korea. The mature eggs are 138 μm in average diameter, semi-translucent
and orange in color, sperms in good condition appear light cream to white-gray in color. Embryos develop through the holoblastic
equal cleavage stage and a wrinkled blastula stage that lasts about 9 hours after fertilization. Gastrulae bearing an expanded
archenteron hatch from the fertilization envelope 22 hours after fertilization. At the end of gastrulation, rudiments of the
left and right coelom are formed. By day 2, larvae possess complete alimentary canal and begin to feed. At this stage, the
larva is called early bipinnaria. In 6day-old larvae, the pre- and post- oral ciliated bands form complete circuits and the
bipinnarial processes start to develop. By day 12, the lateral and anterior projection of the larval wall processes along
the ciliated bands begins to thicken and curl, and the ciliated bands become more prominent. By day 32, early brachiolaria
are presented with three pairs of brachiolar arms. Advanced brachiolaria with a well-developed brachiolar complex (three pairs
of brachia and central adhesive disc) occur 6 weeks after fertilization. In the field, spawning of the sea star was observed
in April to May, settlement form larvae and just settlements seem to occur from June to July, and early juveniles occur from
August to September. Although we had not described the end of brachiolaria stage, it can be tentatively estimated that the
duration of the pelagic stage of A. amurensis is 40 to 50 days. 相似文献
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The present paper is Part I of a series of three papers prepared by the authors on the methods useful for ultimate limit state assessment of marine structures, that have been developed in the literature during the last few decades. It is considered that such methods are now mature enough to enter day-by-day design and strength assessment practice. The aims of the three papers are to conduct some benchmark studies of such methods on ultimate limit state assessment of (unstiffened) plates, stiffened panels, and hull girders of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures, using some candidate methods such as ANSYS nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA), DNV PULS, ALPS/ULSAP, ALPS/HULL, and IACS common structural rules (CSR) methods. As an illustrative example, an AFRAMAX-class hypothetical double hull oil tanker structure designed by CSR method is studied. In the present paper (Part I), the ultimate limit state assessment of unstiffened plates under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure loads is emphasized using ANSYS, DNV PULS, and ALPS/ULSAP methods, and their resulting computations are compared. Part II will deal with methods for the ultimate limit state assessment of stiffened panels under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure using ANSYS, DNV PULS, and ALPS/ULSAP methods, and Part III will treat methods for the progressive collapse analysis of the hull structure using ANSYS, ALPS/HULL, and IACS CSR methods. 相似文献
14.
Superconducting tensor gravity gradiometer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H. J. Paik 《Journal of Geodesy》1981,55(4):370-381
A sensitive gravity gradiometer can provide much needed gravity data of the earth and improve the accuracy of inertial navigation.
A complete determination of all five independent components of the gravity gradient tensor is possible in principle by rotating
a single in-line component gradiometer. In order to avoid dynamically induced noise sources arising from rotation, a hard-mounted
assembly of component gradiometers may nevertheless be advantageous in an ultra-sensitive device.
Superconductivity and other properties of materials at low temperatures can be used to obtain a sensitive, low-drift, gravity
gradiometer. By differencing the outputs of accelerometer pairs using superconducting circuits, it is possible to construct
a non-rotating tensor gravity gradiometer. Additional superconducting circuits can be provided to determine the linear and
angular acceleration vectors. A three-axis in-line gravity gradiometer (a “vector” gradiometer) is being developed for satellite
geodesy. A two-dimensional spring concept for a three-axis cross component gradiometer is discussed. The superconducting tensor
gravity gradiometer constitutes a complete package of inertial navigation instruments with angular and linear acceleration
readouts as well as gravity signals. Accuracy of inertial navigation could be improved by use of such a gradiometeraided inertial
navigator.
Presented at the Second International Symposium on Inertial Technology of Surveying and Geodesy, Banff, Canada, June 1–5, 1981. 相似文献
Sommaire Un gradiomètre gravimétrique sensible peut foumir une grande partie des données gravimétriques terrestres et augmenter la précision de la navigation inertielle. Une détermination complète des cinq composantes indépendantes du tenseur de gradient de gravité est possible en principe par la rotation d’un seul axe d’un gradiomètre. Dans le but d’éviter les sources de bruit provenant de la rotation, un assemblage complexe de gradiomètres peut être néanmoins avantageux dans un appareil ultra-sensible. La superconductivité et d’autres propriétés des matériaux à basse température peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir un gradiomètre gravimétrique sensible et à faible dérive. Il est possible, en différentiant les sorties de paires d’accéléromètres utilisant des circuits superconducteurs, de construire un gradimètre non-rotatif qui mesure le tenseur de gravité. Des circuits superconducteurs additionnels peuvent être ajoutés pour déterminer les vecteurs d’accélération linéaires et angulaires. Un gradiomètre gravimétrique à trois exes est présentement développé pour la géodésie spatiale. Le concept d’un ressort à deux dimensions comme composante d’un gradiomètre à trois axes est discuté. Le gradiomètre de mesure du tenseur de gravité à l’aide de circuits superconducteurs constitue l’ensemble complet pour un instrument de navigation inertielle avec lecture des accélérations angulaires et linéaires et des données de gravité. La précision de la navigation inertielle pourrait être améliorée par l’emploi d’un tel gradiomètre avec les systèmes inertiels.
Presented at the Second International Symposium on Inertial Technology of Surveying and Geodesy, Banff, Canada, June 1–5, 1981. 相似文献
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The characteristics of the flow over the rudder’s pintle gap are investigated by using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The propeller and rudder models are scaled down to 1/28.5. Highly accelerated leakage outflows are separated at the discontinuities of the gap and generate strong cavitation at the suction side of the rudder. In the rudder and propeller configuration, the propeller wake sheet ahead of the gap entrance region starts to induce leakage flow over the lower pintle gaps of the suction side. The gap flow has a velocity magnitude as high as 0.4U0 in the high leakage flow condition, where the wake sheet locates over the gap entrance. The cross-flow of the propeller wake sheet interferes the gap entrance region and triggers gap cavitation. As the propeller wake sheet moves downstream and weakens, the gap flow velocity decreases over the gap entrance. 相似文献
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Bu-Geun Paik Kyung-Youl Kim Jong-Woo Ahn Yong-Soo Kim Sung-Pyo Kim Je-Jun Park 《Ocean Engineering》2008,35(1):139-149
The unsteady cavity patterns around the gap of the conventional and newly developed semi-spade rudders for marine ships are visualized qualitatively using a high-speed CCD camera. Time-resolved PIV analysis is also performed with the bubble tracers to study the flow behavior over the rudder surface. In addition, pressure measurements are conducted on the rudder surface and inside the gap to find out the flow characteristics around the gap entrance of the rudder. Both the rudders are tested without a propeller wake at the various cavitation numbers and at the rudder deflection angle of −8°θ10°. The strong cavitation patterns around the conventional rudder gap are significantly reduced by adopting a newly developed entrance profile, and a time-resolved velocity field is found to be very effective in catching the vortical cavity flow around the rudder gap. The stagnation point near the gap entrance of the conventional rudder can cause unsteady cavity flow. However, the developed rudder has very stable pressure distribution along the horn surface and decreases the pressure inside the gap because of the modification of the gap entrance. The pressure distribution around the gap of the suction side is closely related to the variation of the rudder deflection angle. The cavitation inception speed is delayed by about 4 knots in the angle range of −5°θ5° by employing the developed profile of the gap entrance. 相似文献
18.
The present paper is Part III of a series of three papers on the methods useful for ultimate limit state assessment of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures. It is focused on the methods for the progressive collapse analysis of hull girders under bending moments, in contrast to the previous two papers (Parts I and II), respectively, dealing with methods for the ultimate limit state assessment of unstiffened plates and stiffened panels. An AFRAMAX-class hypothetical double hull oil tanker structure designed by IACS common structural rules (CSR) method is studied as an illustrative example. The ultimate vertical bending moment capacity of the hull structure is then analyzed by ANSYS FEA, ALPS/HULL, and IACS CSR methods, and their resulting computations are compared. 相似文献
19.
Debris flow in metropolitan area — 2011 Seoul debris flow 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Chan-Young Yune Yun-Ki Chae Joongcheol Paik Gihong Kim Seung-Woo Lee Heung-Seok Seo 《山地科学学报》2013,10(2):199-206
A large number of debris flows occurred simultaneously at around 8:30 to 8:50 a.m. on July 27, 2011, at the center of Seoul, Korea. This area is located in the southern part of Seoul and is a densely populated district. As a result of the debris flow event, 16 people were killed, 30 houses were buried, and 116 houses were damaged around Umyeon Mountain, a relatively small mountain with a height of 312.6 m. Since the debris flow event, field investigations on the initiation and transportation zones of debris flows have been carried out. Rainfall data were collected from the automatic weather stations (AWSs) which are operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Video files recorded by residents were also acquired and used to analyze the flow characteristics of the debris flow. Field investigation shows that about 40 debris flows occurred around Umyeon Mountain and most of the debris flows were initiated by small slope failures. The effects of the precipitation that triggered the debris flows were analyzed as well. A landslide hazard map which considers slope gradient and aspect, strength of soil, hazard record, rainfall conditions, and vegetation, was constructed and compared with the initiation zones of debris flows. 相似文献
20.
A two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is used to investigate the wake characteristics behind a marine propeller with 4 blades at high Reynolds number. For each of 9 different blade phases from 0° to 80°, 150 instantaneous velocity fields are measured. They are ensemble averaged to study the spatial evolution of the propeller wake in the region ranging from the trailing edge to one propeller diameter (D) downstream location. The phase-averaged mean velocity shows that the trailing vorticity is related to radial velocity jump, and the viscous wake is affected by boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces and centrifugal force. Both Galilean decomposition method and vortex identification method using swirling strength calculation are very useful for the study of vortex behaviors in the propeller wake region. The slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region up to about X/D=0.53 downstream. Thereafter, unstable oscillation occurs because of the reduction of interaction between the tip vortex and the wake sheet behind the maximum contraction point. 相似文献