Identification and prioritization of data for collection in post-earthquake surveys     

G. Sayeed Choudhury  Nicholas P. Jones 《Natural Hazards》1995,12(2):119-138

During an earthquake, buildings which are vulnerable to seismic loads will be damaged, resulting in property loss and the potential for casualties. To reduce loss of life and injury, the relationship between earthquake-induced building failure and injury severity and distribution needs to be clarified. To this end, a methodology and a series of data collection forms were developed to collect pertinent data for post-event analysis and to provide a basis for structural triage in the field shortly following an earthquake for search and rescue purposes. The forms were developed in four steps: (1) identifying the variables which affect the outcome of an occupant in a damaged building; (2) classifying the variables into three levels of priority for data collection; (3) designing the forms; and (4) applying the forms to damaged buildings from past earthquakes. These forms represent a significant departure from existing forms in that they consider both casualties and building damage jointly in a consistent format. This paper describes the first two steps of the development process; a companion paper outlines the latter components.  相似文献   

利用空间聚集的贝叶斯网络评估手足口病发病风险     

丘文洋  李连发  张杰昊  王劲峰 《地球信息科学学报》2017,19(8):1036-1048

手足口病是一种常见的传染病,以往的研究表明该疾病与气象、环境和社会经济等因素相关联,其影响关系复杂,而疾病本身体现出较强的区域聚集性,采用普通的线性风险建模方法无法捕捉影响因素的复杂性及空间聚集性。因此,本文以山东省为例,在前人研究的基础上,提出了采用贝叶斯网络综合风险建模方法研究手足口病的发病风险与气象、土地利用、社会经济及空气污染等要素间的关系,并通过引入空间扫描统计聚集结果,将空间聚集引入到贝叶斯网络模型加强其空间推理功能,减少模型的偏差,提高评估的精度。结果表明,本文建立的手足口病空间贝叶斯网络风险模型具有较高的估计效果,引入的空间聚集性较好地融入到贝叶斯概率推理模型中,合理建立预测因子同手足口病发病风险之间的关系。通过对建模结果的解译,分析了手足口病的发病风险影响因素,特别是气候、社会经济及空气污染的影响。本文的空间贝叶斯建模方法及研究结果对手足口病暴发的防控预警具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

Design and Usability of an Enhanced Geographic Information System for Exploration of Multivariate Health Statistics     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):146-160

Abstract

The multidimensional nature of many types of data in modern geography calls for creative and innovative approaches to their analysis. Statisticians have recently developed methods for exploring and visualizing large, multivariate datasets, but cartographers and geographers in general have only recently begun to integrate these methods for use with spatial and spatiotemporal datasets that are multivariate in character. This article will present an example of such an integration—an environment for visualization of health statistics—as a case study to demonstrate the philosophical and practical advantages of geovisualization systems for the exploration of complex spatiotemporal information. Emphasis is placed on the encouragement of creative thinking about geographic phenomena through the use of such data-rich graphical tools.

  相似文献   

国内外流感监测系统的地理流行病学比较研究     

闫磊  任玉环  黄晓霞  张彦平  刘亚岚  王世文 《地球信息科学学报》2010,12(3):410-418

流感监测系统的建立是应对流感大流行的一种极为有效的举措。为此,美国、加拿大、墨西哥、巴西、英国、欧盟、俄罗斯、澳大利亚、新西兰、中国等国家,先后都建立了自己的流感监测系统。为了提高我国流感监测系统的水平,作者选出代表性强、特色显著的美国、欧洲和我国的流感监测系统作为典型,从地理流行病学的角度,着重对流感监测及其数据分析的地理分区、流感疫情动态变化的评价标准等方面进行了比较研究。通过总结先进国家的成熟经验,结合我国的实际情况和需求,作者对我国的流感监测系统提出了改进意见。在综合考虑我国地貌特点、气候分区和管理需要的基础上,建议将现有以秦岭淮河为界划分的南、北两个地理分区,细化为黑吉辽区、京津冀鲁豫区、长江中下游区、闽粤桂琼台区、蒙甘新区、晋陕宁区、渝黔川滇区和青藏区等8个流感监测地理分区;建议将现有流感监测系统引入基于流感样病例占门诊病例百分数的基线,利用归因肺炎及流感的死亡率,计算流感季节基线和流行阈值,以客观地衡量和评价流感流行水平及其严重程度。这些研究成果,不仅对地理流行病学的发展有理论意义,而且也对流感及其他传染病的监测有实用价值。  相似文献   

Mapping the Geographical Diffusion of a Finnish Smallpox Epidemic from Historical Population Records     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):276-286

Smallpox mortality from an early 19th century epidemic in Finland is mapped at the parish village level. First, geographically referenced historical materials are used to construct a map showing the spread of smallpox mortality among villages. Next, the diffusion of smallpox morbidity is simulated by computer for the same set of villages. These two maps are then compared. Results indicate that at this scale maps of mortality diffusion can show general trends but have no direct spatial correspondence to the underlying pattern of morbidity diffusion. Mortality maps cannot be used as a surrogate measure of infectious contact behavior at micro scales of analysis.  相似文献   

A longitudinal study of malaria associated with deforestation in Sonitpur district of Assam,India     

Manash J. Nath  Ashok Bora  P.K. Talukdar  N.G. Das  Sunil Dhiman  I. Baruah 《国际地球制图》2013,28(1):79-88

Assam–Arunachal forest fringed foothill area is endemic for malaria incidence. The present study deals with the temporal analysis of malaria incidence and determines its association with deforestation in 24 villages along the Assam–Arunachal forest fringed foothill area of Sonitpur district of Assam. Malaria epidemiological survey has been carried out in the study area from the year 1994 to 2005. Remote sensing (RS) technique has been used to map the areas of forest changes from the year 2000 to 2005. Geographical information system (GIS) was used to map the malaria incidence and forest cover. The study villages are endemic to malaria infections and there was increasing trend of malaria incidence over the years. The slide positivity rate (SPR) ranged from 5.1% in 1997 to 44.4% in 2005. The percentage forest cover decreased significantly from 23.6% during 2000 to 15.4% during 2005, whereas SPR was increased during 2000–2005. The present study is the first attempt to understand the role of deforestation in malaria incidence using RS and GIS in the north-eastern region of India at a micro-geographic level. The study suggests that the area is endemic to malaria transmission. The decrease in forest cover is a serious ecological concern besides its role in elevating the malaria incidence in the study area.  相似文献   

Studies on rickettsia-like organism(RLO)disease of tropical marine pearl oyster--Epidemiologicai investigation of RLO disease in juvenile populations of maricultured Pinctada maxima     

Xinzhong Wu  Dengfeng Li  Jinpei Pan  Jingbo Jiang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2003,22(3)

The death which occurred in juvenile population was a severe problem in the course ofPinctada maxima artificial culture. With the methods of field investigation, histological study andstatistic analyses, the epidemiological study was carried out on the disease and death in juvenile popula-tions of Pinctada maxima in the Xinying Pearl Oyster Mariculture Farm of Lingao County (for the A,B and C batches of cultured juveniles hanged in the sea) and the Xincun Pearl Oyster Mariculture Farmof Lingshui County (for the D batch of cultured juvenile hanged in the pond), Hainan Province fromNovember 1993 to April 1995. The results show that the deaths which occurred in juvenile populations of Pinctada maxima pre-sented an outbreak pattern. The peak of mortality rates, in general, occurred in 4-to 6-month old pearloyster juveniles, and the mortality rates gradully declined with the extention of pearl oyster age after cul-turing 8 months. The correlation between the mortality rates of juvenile populations and mean bodylengths of juvenile populations show that the mortality rate become higher under 4 cm of mean bodylengths of juvenile population and become obvious declined over 5 cm of mean body lengths. The peak ofmortality rate occurred in 1 ～3 cm of mean body lengths. The results of histological observation showedthat rickettsia-like organism inclusions were common, histological widespread infective agent among ev-ery batches (A, B, C and D) of cultured juvenile populations. The mean severity indices (SI) of rick-ettsia-like organism (RLO) infection were positively correlated with mortality rates of juvenile popula-tions. After or within every peaks of RLO infection were all accompanied with the peaks of mortalityrates of host populations and the mortality rates declined with decreased RLO infection. So the evidencesof histological observation and epidemiology in this study indicated that rickettsia-like organism (RLO)may be as an important pathogenic organism of disease and death of cultured Pinctada maxima. In addi-tion, a few ciliates were discovered only in part of batch A of cultured juvenile population. The mortalityrates in juvenile populations were not correlated with the weekly mean temperature and salinity of seawater.  相似文献   

Vanadium in ground water from Mt. Fuji： Does it have health effect on habitants around the mountain？     

Yoshiyuki Seko Kaori Watanabe Tatsuya Hasegawa 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):60-61

Ground water from Mt. Fuji, located on the border of Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefectures, has relatively high concentrations of trace element vanadium. The concentration is about 50 μg/L around the mountain, and about 1 μg/L in other areas. The vanadium comes from the lava of the mountain. The water is utilized as a source of tap water around the mountain, and habitants are drinking and using the water for cooking. Recent reports by some researchers suggest health beneficial effects of drinking the water; drinking such water can lower blood glucose level in diabetic patients, and improve insulin-resistant status in healthy women. However, the concentration of vanadium in the ground water is too low as compared with the apparently effective concentration （100000 μg/L） in preceding reports. Furthermore, the effects of vanadium in the water on public health are not elucidated. In the present study the regional concentrations of vanadium in ground waters were investigated in Yamanashi prefecture, and standardized mortality rates （SMR） are compared preliminary with vanadium data in order to investigate the effect epidemiologically. SMR data were provided by Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry. We used the summarized SMR from 1998 to 2002. The data contain SMRs from total causes; total malignant neoplasm; stomach cancer; colorectal cancer; liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer; trachea bronchus and lung cancer; all heart diseases; acute myocardial infarction; and cerebrovascular disease. There are eight secondary medical districts in Yamanashi prefecture, and one of them, Fuji-hokuroku （No.7）, corresponds to high-vanadium area. No SMIL except SMR from cerebrovascular disease in female, was lower in the district No.7 than other eight districts. On the other hand, SMRs from all heart diseases and from acute myocardial infarction of both male and female in the district No.7 were highest among the districts. SMR from all causes in male of No.7 was also highest among the districts.  相似文献   

中医疫病学发展的历史沿革（一）          下载免费PDF全文

袁长津 《应用海洋学学报》2023,39(3):1

中医学对于疫病的记载最早可见于先秦时期的文献中。但对于疫病的系统认识却经历了漫长的过程。本文首篇即从秦汉时期到魏晋、隋唐、两宋以及金、元、明时期,对疫病病因的认识、病名的认定及辨治的理法方药等方面的发展等的历史沿革进行了梳理,以期对临床进一步认识与有效防治疫病有所裨益,并特别论述到元末明初王履有关《内经》“承制生化”理论的阐释和发挥,是与现代医学用免疫学理论辨治疫病的思路和方法相通应的。第二篇则讲述了明清时期开创于明代吴又可的中医温疫学派的形成,温疫各家有关疫病的理论和辨治湿热疫、热毒疫及瘀毒疫的经验和经典方药。  相似文献   

日照沿海养殖三疣梭子蟹血卵涡鞭虫流行病发生过程研究     

刘炜鑫  陈晓玲  李蒙  王君霞  张绪涛  黄骞  李才文 《海洋与湖沼》2023,54(5):1373-1382

血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium spp.)是一类严重危害海洋甲壳类动物的新型寄生性病原,可引发养殖三疣梭子蟹“牛奶病”,导致梭子蟹大量死亡,造成巨大经济损失。目前,对于血卵涡鞭虫在日照养殖梭子蟹中的流行发生情况还未见报道,2020年8月和2021年5～11月期间在日照主要梭子蟹养殖区开展流行病学调查研究,通过形态学观察、组织病理检测和分子生物学鉴定发现了血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium perezi)在日照地区的流行分布,并发现其流行病发生在6～9月间,高发期为7～8月,感染率高达52.5%。感染宿主的血淋巴和心脏、肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉等组织中发现了丝状滋养体、类变形虫滋养体、蛛网状滋养体、团块状聚合体、孢子前细胞和孢子等血卵涡鞭虫的多个生活史阶段。在养殖池塘环境水体中检测到血卵涡鞭虫存在,水体中血卵涡鞭虫丰度与宿主感染率存在错峰现象,间隔3～4周。流行病的发生与水体温度和盐度变化密切相关,7～8月较高的水温(26.2～28.6°C)促进了血卵涡鞭虫在宿主体内快速增殖及流行病爆发,而较低的盐度(20.7～25.3)可能抑制了环境水体中血卵涡鞭虫的存活及其传播扩散。以上研究结果初步...  相似文献