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11.
An abrupt ice and snow storm disaster which occurred in the spring of 2008 se-verely destroyed forests over a surprisingly large portion of southern China.A transect crossing Jinggang Mountain-Jitai Basin-Yushan Mountain-Wuyi Mountain was selected as the study area.The authors integrated field data collected in two field surveys to analyze the impacts of the disturbance on forests.The following results were obtained.(1) The extent of damage to plantations along the transect decreased in the order of slash pine > masson pine > mixed plantation > Chinese fir.Slash pine is an introduced species from southern America which is characterized by fast growth,low wood quality and rich oleoresin,and showed a damage rate of 61.3% of samples,of which 70.4% cannot recover naturally.Masson pine is the native pioneer species of forests with harder wood,and 52.5% were damaged due to turpentine,of which 60.9% cannot recovery naturally.Chinese fir is a local tree species and samples showed a rate of 46% and a relative rate of 32.5%,lower than the mixed plantation.(2) From west to east along the transect,we can see that evergreen broad-leaved forest of the western transect on Jinggang Mountain showed the lightest damage extent,and a Cryp-tomeria plantation at an altitude of 700 m was severely destroyed while Chinese fir showed light damage below 700 m and relatively severe damage above 900 m.Masson pine and slash pine in the central transect in Jitai Basin were damaged severely due to turpentine ac-tivities,and closed natural secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest was damaged severely due to high ice and snow accumulation on intertwined shrubs.Masson pine aerial-seeding plantations below 400 m along the eastern transect in Xingguo and Ningdu counties were nearly undamaged for small tree sizes,and Chinese fir at 500-900 m altitude showed a lighter damage extent.However,masson pine which was distributed above 400 m and planted in the 1960s,was severely damaged due to turpentine. 相似文献
12.
中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
由于中国城市扩展导致部分气象站点被动进入城市内部,从而造成对区域气温的高估.本文利用遥感多期影像对中国700多个气象站点各历史时期的下垫面进行判别,得到"进城"站点及其进城时间.通过比较"进城"站点的观测数据和背景气温,计算出70年代以来"进城"气象站点上的平均热岛效应强度,并对热岛效应强度的季节性筹异进行了分析,得出70年代以来秋冬季节的热岛强度高于春季和夏季的结沦.通过比较真实气温和背景气温的空间数据,识别出了气温高估区域,得出中国东部地区的气温高估略高于中部地区,东部地区和中部地区的气温高估均远高于西部地区的结论.通过计算真实气温和背景气温序列的年平均气温变化趋势,得出近40年来全国的增温值约为1.58℃,其中凶城市扩展带来的增温贡献约为0.01℃,在气温高估的核心区域的贡献约为0.09℃. 相似文献
13.
以Landsat TM/ETM+为基本数据源,利用遥感和GIS技术定量反演了哈尔滨市1989和2000年的地面亮温和植被指数(NDVI),对标准化地面亮温分级数据进行热力景观指数计算,研究城市热场分布的空间格局、时空变化规律和不同植被指数(NDVI)等级下热环境的变化特征.结果表明:1989和2000年哈尔滨市建成区均存在显著的热岛效应,2000年建成区热岛效应增强,哈尔滨市总体地面亮温升高;热力景观日趋破碎,各景观类型受干扰程度较大,处于很不稳定的状态.NDVI与地面亮温的负相关性随着植被覆盖度的升高而增大;植被覆盖度与地面亮温的空间变异呈负相关. 相似文献
14.
文章简要地总结了中国科学家对全球高精度土地覆盖产品的贡献,展望了大数据时代土地覆盖制图在云计算、人工智能等方面所面临的机遇和挑战,提出了遥感大数据支持下的全球土地覆盖连续动态监测的可行性和实现路径. 相似文献
15.
陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以中国退耕还林生态工程重点区域陕北地区作为研究区,基于耕地遥感监测数据集,分析了陕北地区2000-2013年耕地的时空变化特征;基于梯田空间分布,对RUSLE模型进行改进,模拟生成陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数栅格数据并进行精度验证;最后结合耕地变化数据集对陕北地区退耕还林（草）地及未退耕地的土壤侵蚀变化特征进行对比分析,以明确工程对全区土壤侵蚀变化的影响。结果表明,2000-2010年,陕北退耕农田内部侵蚀模数减少了22.70 t/hm 2,是退耕农田区2000年土壤侵蚀模数的47.08%。同期,陕北地区未退耕农田侵蚀模数减少了10.99 t/hm 2,占未退耕农田区域2000年土壤侵蚀模数的28.60%。从陕北全区的角度看,各种土地利用类型2000-2010年土壤侵蚀模数平均减少了14.51 t/hm 2,占2000年全区土壤侵蚀模数的41.87%。由此可见,退耕还林还草工程可以有效减少土壤侵蚀模数,达到土壤保护的作用。其中,由耕地转为林草所导致的侵蚀减少最为显著,对土壤保护的贡献作用最大。但是,2010年以后（2010-2013年）为退耕还林还草巩固时期,因此该阶段陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量变化较前10年显著降低。 相似文献
16.
Knowledge on urban land-use change and its driving forces has vital significance in the practice of urban planning and management. However, the characteristics of historical, long-term changes and their quantitative relationships with the urban environment are still poorly understood. Based on multi-source data, including remote sensing imageries, large-scale topographic maps, historical maps, multi-temporal city maps, and other urban thematic maps, high-quality spatial information on urban land use in the built-up area of Changchun has been extracted for 1898, 1932, 1954, 1976, 1990, 2002, and 2012 by means of geographic information systems and remote sensing. We found that the land-use structure and spatial configuration has undergone tremendous alterations according to urban function in the 100-year history of Changchun city. The built-up area of Changchun expanded from 2.26 km~2 in 1898 to 328.12 km~2 in 2012, increasing about 144 times over the past century. Historically, the development of Changchun can be categorized into three stages: the initial forming stage, the old industrial development stage, and the modern metropolis development stage. Commercial and industrial land expanded rapidly following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, with an increase from 1.74 km~2 in 1954 to 15.91 km~2 in 2012, and from 16.45 km~2 in 1954 to 107.05 km~2 in 2012, respectively. Although there was substantial growth in residential land use(from 1.81 km~2 in 1898 to 113.95 km~2 in 2012), the area percentage of residential land decreased continuously(from 80.09% in 1898 to 34.73% in 2012). Moreover, it was noted that the spatial configuration and structural percentage for commercial, industrial, and residential lands and others had tremendous divergences at different stages. These divergences of land-use structure occurred between the stages and were associated with social regimes and the functional orientation of urban society across the 100 years of historical development. Socio-economics, population growth, and planning policies from specific stages, especially after 1949, had strong effects on the divergence of urban structure. 相似文献
17.
Land use/cover change is an important theme on the impacts of human activities on the earth systems and global environmental change. National land-use changes of China during 2010–2015 were acquired by the digital interpretation method using the high-resolution remotely sensed images, e.g. the Landsat 8 OLI, GF-2 remote sensing images. The spatiotemporal characteristics of land-use changes across China during 2010–2015 were revealed by the indexes of dynamic degree model, annual land-use changes ratio etc. The results indicated that the built-up land increased by 24.6×10~3 km~2 while the cropland decreased by 4.9×10~3 km~2, and the total area of woodland and grassland decreased by 16.4×10~3 km~2. The spatial pattern of land-use changes in China during 2010–2015 was concordant with that of the period 2000–2010. Specially, new characteristics of land-use changes emerged in different regions of China in 2010–2015. The built-up land in eastern China expanded continually, and the total area of cropland decreased, both at decreasing rates. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland shrinkage were accelerated in central China. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland growth increased in western China, while the decreasing rate of woodland and grassland accelerated. In northeastern China, built-up land expansion slowed continually, and cropland area increased slightly accompanied by the conversions between paddy land and dry land. Besides, woodland and grassland area decreased in northeastern China. The characteristics of land-use changes in eastern China were essentially consistent with the spatial govern and control requirements of the optimal development zones and key development zones according to the Major Function-oriented Zones Planning implemented during the 12 th Five-Year Plan(2011–2015). It was a serious challenge for the central government of China to effectively protect the reasonable layout of land use types dominated with the key ecological function zones and agricultural production zones in centraland western China. Furthermore, the local governments should take effective measures to strengthen the management of territorial development in future. 相似文献
18.
基于主体功能区规划的中国城乡建设用地扩张时空特征遥感分析 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13
21世纪以来,随着中国社会经济的快速发展,城乡建设用地不断扩张,对社会经济和生态环境造成了一系列影响.为了国家可持续发展目标的实现,必须对国土开发空间布局做出科学的规划.为此,一些学者开展了国家主体功能区规划方案研究,其研究成果支持了国家主体功能区规划的制定,该规划于2010年底颁布实施.为分析各类主体功能区在规划颁布前后城乡建设用地变化的特征,评估规划对区域开发的指导作用,及时发现规划实施中的问题,有必要采取有效手段对不同类型主体功能区的国土开发活动进行监测和评估.为此,本研究团队在已完成的2000年和2010年两期全国土地利用变化数据库的基础上,更新了2013年全国土地利用数据库,生成分期的城乡建设用地空间数据集;并对国家尺度各类主体功能区,以及东部,中部,西部,东北4大区域在主体功能区规划颁布前10年间(2000-2010年)和后3年内(2010-2013年)城乡建设用地扩张特征与差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:① 总体而言,2013年优化开发区,重点开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区城乡建设用地在该类主体功能区国土面积中的占比明显不同,体现了国土开发按照不同主体功能布局的梯级特征.② 与2000-2010年相比,2010-2013年优化开发区城乡建设用地年增长率明显降低,重点开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区建设用地年增长率均大幅增加;其中重点开发区和农产品主产区的城乡建设用地年均扩张面积已经超过了优化开发区;重点生态功能区城乡建设用地年均扩张面积和动态度仍处于最低的水平.③ 在区域尺度,优化开发区中,长江三角洲地区建设用地年均增量明显高于其他优化开发区;重点开发区中,西部地区在年增加面积和增加速率两方面均高于其他区域;农产品主产区中,东部,中部和西部地区内城乡建设用地年增加面积均超过前10年的2倍,西部地区的年增加速率更是达到前10年的3倍以上;重点生态功能区中,中部地区城乡建设用地的年变化率和动态度的增长均最为显著.④ 2010-2013年中国城乡建设用地扩张的空间格局和变化特征,在总体上体现了主体功能区规划的梯级开发特征.但是,局部优化开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区建设用地的扩张速度过快,必须切实加强空间管控.研究表明,采用空间格局变化的分析方法,开展主体功能区规划颁布前后两个时期城乡建设用地扩张特征与分阶段区域差异的分析,清晰刻画出不同功能区和不同地区建设用地变化规律及其与主体功能区规划的契合程度,证明了该分析方法的有效性,可据此为未来国土开发空间格局的优化和城乡建设发展提供科学依据. 相似文献
19.
中国土地利用变化遥感研究的回顾与展望——基于陈述彭学术思想的引领 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
20世纪80年代以来中国社会经济快速发展带来的工业化、城市化正深刻影响着中国土地利用空间格局并影响到区域和国家生态与环境状况。在陈述彭先生指导下,1992年以来中国科学院建立起了完整的土地利用/覆盖变化遥感监测与数据分析技术路线,以及独特的分类体系和动态区划体系,奠定了中国LUCC信息平台的基础。本文在系统回顾陈述彭学术思想指导中国LUCC研究的基础上,面向国家需求与国际科技前沿梳理了我国LUCC研究的核心科学问题,并总结了中国科学院团队在最近20年LUCC研究取得的成果,包括土地利用/覆盖动态时空表征与分析模型、土地利用/覆盖变化过程及驱动机制、基于大数据和云计算的土地利用/覆盖变化探测方法、城市土地利用变化的区域气候/生态效应、气候变化与土地利用变化对农田生态系统的影响、林业活动的区域气候/生态效应,在此基础上对未来LUCC研究的前景进行了展望。 相似文献
20.
草原牧区旅游发展对牧户生计的影响 ——以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
草原牧区旅游发展是牧区实现乡村振兴的重要引擎。以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原旅游地牧户为研究案例,分析草原牧区旅游发展对牧户生计的影响。研究结果：① 草原旅游使牧户生计模式分化为纯牧户、务工主导型、旅游主导型、旅游专营型,且呈现纯牧户向务工主导型牧户过度,务工主导型牧户向旅游主导型牧户过度,旅游主导型牧户向旅游专营型牧户过度的一般演替规律;② 草原旅游发展总体上提高了牧户的生计资本存量,但不同类型牧户生计资本存量具有显著差异,生计资本存量由高到低排序为：旅游专营型牧户、旅游主导型牧户、务工主导型牧户、纯牧户;③ 牧户参与草原旅游,准则层因子障碍度由大到小排序为：人力资本、金融资本、物质资本、社会资本、自然资本;障碍度指数前6位的指标层因子分别是：成人受教育程度、成人劳动力人数、借债情况、社团网络、生产生活设备、社会参与;④ 不 同类型牧户参与草原旅游发展的首要障碍因素不同,纯牧户是受教育程度,务工主导型牧户是家庭人均收入,旅游主导型与旅游专营型牧户是借债情况。 相似文献