中国崩塌,滑坡,泥石流成灾特点与减灾对策   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张业成  张梁 《地质灾害与环境保护》1994,5(4):48-51

根据我国崩塌、滑坡、泥石流（简称：崩滑流）成灾特点和防治能力，笔者认为：实行灾害分级管理，推进减灾社会化，是防治崩滑流灾害的根本出路；建立新的减灾体系，必须与深化改革及山区脱贫致富相结合，才能取得成效。  相似文献   

Subsidence hazards due to evaporite dissolution in the United States   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1  

Kenneth S. Johnson 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(3):395-409

Evaporites, including gypsum (or anhydrite) and salt, are the most soluble of common rocks; they are dissolved readily to form the same type of karst features that typically are found in limestones and dolomites, and their dissolution can locally result in major subsidence structures. The four basic requirements for evaporite dissolution to occur are: (1) a deposit of gypsum or salt; (2) water, unsaturated with CaSO₄ or NaCl; (3) an outlet for escape of dissolving water; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. Evaporites are present in 32 of the 48 contiguous states of the United States, and they underlie about 35–40% of the land area. Karst is known at least locally (and sometimes quite extensively) in almost all areas underlain by evaporites, and some of these karst features involve significant subsidence. The most widespread and pronounced examples of both gypsum and salt karst and subsidence are in the Permian basin of the southwestern United States, but many other areas also are significant. Human activities have caused some evaporite–subsidence development, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes may enable (either intentionally or inadvertently) unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures above the cavity can cause land subsidence or catastrophic collapse.  相似文献   

Formation of clastogenic lava flows during fissure eruption and scoria cone collapse: the 1986 eruption of Izu-Oshima Volcano, eastern Japan     

Janet M. Sumner 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,60(3):195-212

The 1986 eruption of B fissure at Izu-Oshima Volcano, Japan, produced, among other products, one andesite and two basaltic andesite lava flows. Locally the three flows resemble vent-effused holocrystalline blocky or aa lava; however, remnant clast outlines can be identified at most localities, indicating that the flows were spatter fed or clastogenic. The basaltic andesite flows are interpreted to have formed by two main processes: (a) reconstitution of fountain-generated spatter around vent areas by syn-depositional agglutination and coalescence, followed by extensional non-particulate flow, and (b) syn-eruptive collapse of a rapidly built spatter and scoria cone by rotational slip and extensional sliding. These processes produced two morphologically distinct lobes in both flows by: (a) earlier non-particulate flow of agglutinate and coalesced spatter, which formed a thin lobe of rubbly aa lava (ca. 5 m thick) with characteristic open extension cracks revealing a homogeneous, holocrystalline interior, and (b) later scoria-cone collapse, which created a larger lobe of irregular thickness (<20 m) made of large detached blocks of scoria cone interpreted to have been rafted along on a flow of coalesced spatter. The source regions of these lava flows are characterized by horseshoe-shaped scarps (<30 m high), with meso-blocks (ca. 30 m in diameter) of bedded scoria at the base. One lava flow has a secondary lateral collapse zone with lower (ca. 7 m) scarps. Backward-tilted meso-blocks are interpreted to be the product of rotational slip, and forward-tilted blocks the result of simple toppling. Squeeze-ups of coalesced spatter along the leading edge of the meso-blocks indicate that coalescence occurred in the basal part of the scoria cone. This low-viscosity, coalesced spatter acted as a lubricating layer along which basal failure of the scoria cone occurred. Rotational sliding gave way to extensional translational sliding as the slide mass spread out onto the present caldera floor. Squeeze-ups concentrated at the distal margin indicate that the extensional regime changed to one of compression, probably as a result of cooling of the flow front. Sliding material piled up behind the slowing flow front, and coalesced spatter was squeezed up from the interior of the flow through fractures and between rafted blocks. The andesite flow, although morphologically similar to the other two flows, has a slightly different chemical composition which corresponds to the earliest stage of the eruption. It is a much smaller lava flow emitted from the base of the scoria cone 2 days after the eruption had ceased. This lava is interpreted to have been formed by post-depositional coalescence of spatter under the influence of the in-situ cooling rate and load pressure of the deposit. Extrusion occurred through the lower part of the scoria cone, and subsequent non-particulate flow of coalesced material produced a blocky and aa lava flow. The mechanisms of formation of the lava flows described may be more common during explosive eruptions of mafic magma than previously envisaged. Received: 30 May 1997 / Accepted: 19 May 1998  相似文献   

山西煤炭资源开采诱发地面塌陷灾害的防治   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王慧  贾晓红  赵鲁英  宋建民 《山西地震》2000,(3):10-12

叙述了山西省煤炭开采区地面塌陷的现状,确定出山西地面塌陷的系数为２３３５ｍ＾２,预测到２００２年山西全省的塌陷面积将达到２７００ｋｍ＾２,提出应对地面塌陷区进行综合防治和开发的建议。  相似文献   

黄土的孔隙与湿陷性研究   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  

赵景波  陈云 《工程地质学报》1994,2(2):76-83

实验资料表明，0.02-0.08mm之间的架空孔隙是引起极强湿陷和强湿陷的主要原因；0.008-0.02mm之间的支架孔隙是引起中等湿陷和弱湿陷的主要原因；不同湿陷性的黄土孔隙组合不同，极强湿陷和强湿陷黄土的突出特点是架空孔隙组合成网格状；湿陷后减少的孔隙数量在0.8-20%之间；宏观孔隙对湿陷也有一定影响；黄土的湿陷性是在干旱与半干旱地区的土壤化过程中产生的。  相似文献   

斜拉桥地震破坏的计算研究   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

陈幼平  周宏业 《地震工程与工程振动》1995,15(3):127-134

地震曾破坏了大量的桥梁结构。然而，尽管目前世界上斜拉桥数目正以指数函数规律增长，但还没有任何斜拉桥经历过强地震，斜拉桥可能的地震破坏形式、破坏机理还是一个有待探索的领域。本文对本世纪几次大地震中严重破坏的桥梁进行损坏部分的震害原因分析，总结出一般桥梁结构地震破坏机理及破坏形式。利用大型结构分析程序ＭＳＣ／ＮＡＳＴＲＡＮ，对斜拉桥地震反应特征进行了分析，并在综合考虑结构地震反应的三维性、行波效应、非  相似文献   

雅安芦山县地震崩塌滑坡信息提取与发育规律分析     

李树林  余利峰  陈丽霞 《工程地质学报》2014,22(5):861-868

2013年4月20日,四川芦山县发生7.0级地震。由于当地复杂的区域地形条件,强烈的地震引发了大量的滑坡、崩塌等次级地质灾害。以此次地震诱发滑坡的重灾区宝盛乡为研究区,采用遥感高清影像与DEM结合的方式进行目视解译,并结合光谱信息与坡度信息对目视解译结果进行半自动提取与再验证,建立地震斜坡灾害的光谱信息解译标志; 在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析功能,统计分析此次地震斜坡地质灾害在地形地貌、地层岩性、构造等方面的发育规律。结果表明,本次地震诱发滑坡规模以中小型为主,坡度范围主要集中在30～50,发育的地层主要为下第三系名山组和白垩系灌口组粉砂岩、泥岩、砾岩; 烈度范围主要集中在Ⅸ度区。  相似文献   

Analytical definition of collapse surface in multiaxial space as a criterion for flow liquefaction occurrence     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2017

Prediction of flow liquefaction occurrence in multiaxial stress space is presented in this paper. The closed-form relation analytically attained by means of Dafalias-Manzari constitutive equations gives the flow stress ratio as a function of model parameters, state parameter, direction of undrained loading and especially initial condition of consolidation. These proposed flow condition can predict the occurrence of flow liquefaction initiated by any loadings whether the soil is consolidated isotropically or anisotropically. Suggested predictions are compared with the results of triaxial tests performed on Hostun RF sand. The results show that increasing consolidation stress ratio leads to flow stress ratio increase.  相似文献   

印度尼西亚两次特大地震引发海啸和不引发海啸的比较研究     

魏柏林  杨选  郭良田  康英 《华南地震》2008,28(2):72-79

2004年12月26日苏门答腊岛安达曼海附近海域发生的9．0级地震和2005年3月28日苏门答腊岛明打威群岛北附近海域的8．7级地震,在构造环境、震级、震源深度、地震类型都相似的情况下,为何前者引发海啸,后者不引发的海啸？对此进行了对比分析,认为9．0级地震发生时,在其震源体附近的两板块相交的海沟两侧陡坡蕴育着滑坡体或和崩塌体（或者两者都有）,9．0级地震发生时,强烈的地震波,促使滑坡体的滑动或崩塌体的崩塌,推压和扰动海水,引发诲啸。而8．7级地震发生时、在其震源体附近的两板块相交的海沟两侧陡坡无滑坡体或和崩塌体,或先存滑坡体或崩塌体在9．0级地震发生时已滑坡或崩塌殆尽,当8.7地震发生时,无滑坡体滑动或崩塌体崩塌,不可能对海水有较大的扰动,故不可能引发海啸。  相似文献   

向源潜流侵蚀岩溶作用及其成因机理——以塔河油田早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐国强  刘树根  李国蓉  武恒志  夏在连  孙玮 《中国岩溶》2005,24(1):35-40

向源潜流侵蚀作用指在海(水)进环境中,由于盆地边缘岩溶斜坡带内陆区的潜水面上升后,潜水面以下地下潜流在相当长时间内仍然在原有的洞穴内流动,由此产生的连续向上(向着地下水流源头)侵蚀作用,其结果是在原有的洞穴层之上形成多旋回的具有`坍塌角砾- 暗河沉积’ 双层结构的塌积层序及纵向上呈加积方式产出的叠积洞穴层,以及由叠积洞穴与原有洞穴连成一体的复合洞穴层。本文以塔河油田早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层为例,简要地介绍了古岩溶洞穴层的对比方法,展示了塔河地区早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层对比成果,并通过典型井的洞穴层内部结构解剖分析,阐述了向源潜流侵蚀岩溶作用的成因机理,并探讨了一些相关的主要问题。   相似文献