京津冀地区生态系统服务权衡的多尺度特征与影响因素解析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张宇硕  吴殿廷 《地域研究与开发》2019,38(3)

对2000年和2015年京津冀地区四类生态系统服务(净初级生产力、粮食生产、水源涵养、土壤保持)进行估算,采用多层次空间统计法、相关分析法和玫瑰图法对生态系统服务权衡关系进行多尺度分析,利用多元回归模型定量揭示土地利用因素、社会因素、经济因素对生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的影响。结果表明:(1)净初级生产力(NPP)、水源涵养、土壤保持高值区集中分布于京津冀北部和西北部山区,低值区分布于东南部平原区,粮食生产呈东南高西北低的空间格局。2000—2015年仅粮食生产服务上升,净初级生产力、水源涵养、土壤保持服务均下降。(2)粮食生产与水源涵养、粮食生产与土壤保持表现出权衡关系,水源涵养与土壤保持表现为协同关系,这3对生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系均呈增强趋势。(3)耕地的粮食生产服务上升,土壤保持服务下降,各地类的净初级生产力均呈下降趋势。(4)生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的增强主要归因于土地利用因子,耕地减少、建设用地大幅增加、林地和草地增加是最直接的影响因素。  相似文献   

在海洋经济发展中看海洋自然保护区          下载免费PDF全文

段新玉  孙富强 《海洋开发与管理》2008,25(3):94-96

海洋自然保护区作为海洋自然环境和资源的一种特殊保护和管理手段,对于日益受到开发和污染损害的海洋自然是非常重要的.海洋,尤其是海岸区域生态系统是比较脆弱的,为维护海洋生态的健康和生态系生产力能力,需要运用建立海洋自然保护区的方式来强化对那些具有代表性、典型性和高生产力的海洋生态系统进行富有成效的保护.1990年国务院首次批准建立了包括昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区和山口红树林生态自然保护区在内的五个国家级海洋类型自然保护区.之后的几十年里又相继建立了多个各级海洋自然保护区.这些保护区的建立是海洋生物多样性的基地;保留了海洋自然条件的天然"本底"和"原始"风貌;同时,也是科学研究的天然场所,促进自然资源持续利用.海洋自然保护区在全球自然和区域海洋自然保护中,在对社会、经济、科学、文化的发展中,在对人类维系、改善生存条件中均已成为一项战略性的措施和切实可行的方案.应该得到进一步的发展.  相似文献   

2005—2015年广东省森林生态系统净初级生产力时空变化特征     

李国洋  徐启恒  陈宽文  曹永超 《气象科学进展》2020,10(3)

基于MODIS的森林植被净初级生产力(NPP)数据,辅以气候和土地利用数据,利用GIS和统计分析方法,探讨了2005—2015年广东省森林植被NPP的时空特征。结果表明:1)时间趋势上,2005—2015年广东省森林植被年NPP均值以及年NPP总量总体上均呈现波动上升的趋势。2)空间分布上,2005—2015年广东省森林植被NPP存在空间异质性。年NPP均值最大值为潮州市,最低的地区是中山市和湛江市。3)空间趋势上,广东省森林植被NPP有15.93%为无显著变化区域,显著上升和显著下降区域分别为63.45%和20.62%;2005—2015年广东省森林植被NPP呈显著下降的区域主要分布广东省北部地区的清远市、韶关市、河源市、梅州市以及零星分布在南部的湛江市,NPP呈显著上升的区域主要分布在广东省的中南部地区茂名市、阳江市、云浮市等。4)气温和降水对森林植被NPP均值的影响呈现明显的空间分异特征。  相似文献   

Investigation of Uncertainties of Establishment Schemes in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models简     

SONG Xiang  ZENG Xiaodong 《大气科学进展》2014,31(1):85-94

In Dynamic Global Vegetation Models （DGVMs）, the establishment of woody vegetation refers to flowering, fertiliza- tion, seed production, germination, and the growth of tree seedlings. It determines not only the population densities but also other important ecosystem structural variables. In current DGVMs, establishments of woody plant functional types （PFTs） are assumed to be either the same in the same grid cell, or largely stochastic. We investigated the uncertainties in the competition of establishment among coexisting woody PFTs from three aspects： the dependence of PFT establishments on vegetation states; background establishment; and relative establishment potentials of different PFTs. Sensitivity experi- ments showed that the dependence of establishment rate on the fractional coverage of a PFT favored the dominant PFT by increasing its share in establishment. While a small background establishment rate had little impact on equilibrium states of the ecosystem, it did change the timescale required for the establishment of alien species in pre-existing forest due to their disadvantage in seed competition during the early stage of invasion. Meanwhile, establishment purely fiom background （the scheme commonly used in current DGVMs） led to inconsistent behavior in response to the change in PFT specification （e.g., number of PFTs and their specification）. Furthermore, the results also indicated that trade-off between irtdividual growth and reproduction/colonization has significant influences on the competition of establishment. Hence, further development of es- tablishment parameterization in DGVMs is essential in reducing the uncertainties in simulations of both ecosystem structures and successions.  相似文献   

雷电探测定位技术的新进展     

李卓  陈健  王姝妹 《黑龙江气象》2014,(2):35-36

<正>1引言雷电是自然界中最为壮观的气象现象之一,是地球生态系统重要的一部分,但同时也是造成损害最大的世界十大自然灾害之一。根据气象部门和劳动部门估算,我国年均雷击伤亡人数超过1万,其中死亡3 000多人,财产损失50-100亿元。由于人类无法阻止和控制雷电的危害,为了尽量避免雷电所造成的危害,近20 a来我国加强了对雷电的探测和雷电灾害的防护。目前,对雷电的探测主要是采用目测来获得雷电发  相似文献   

Sustainability of transhumance grazing systems under socio-economic threats in Langtang,Nepal     

Suman Aryal  Tek Narayan Maraseni  Geoff Cockfield 《山地科学学报》2014,11(4):1023-1034

The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constrained by a numbers of factors including policy, land use and soeio-economic changes in Nepal. To explore how these changes have affected the transhumance, this study investigated transhumance at the Langtang valley in central Nepal. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the herd size and composition, spatial-temporal patterns and to identify the major drivers of the system and the system changes. Data were collected from field study comprising semi-structured interviews with the herders, focus group discussions, key informants survey, and observations of rangeland and livestock management systems. The study revealed that the transhumanee system in the Langtang is influenced by two types of drivers. In one hand, traditional practices are contributing to the sustainability of the system. On the other hand, the grazing patterns and adaptive responses are strongly influenced by changes in government policies, socioeconomic and cultural transformation, livestock productivity, markets, rangeland conditions and climate change. The findings of this study help with the development and implementation of transhumance management policy for the sustainability.  相似文献   

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands     

MU?OZ María ángeles  FAZ ángel 《山地科学学报》2014,11(5):1123-1137

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.  相似文献   

Uptake and recovery of soil nitrogen by bryophytes and vascular plants in an alpine meadow   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

WANG Jin-niu  SHI Fu-sun  XU Bo  WANG Qian  WU Yan  WU Ning 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):475-484

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.  相似文献   

IPCC第五次评估报告对碳循环及其他生物地球化学循环的最新认识   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

於琍  朴世龙 《气候变化研究进展》2014,(1)

<正>碳循环不仅是生态系统对全球变化响应的综合表现,还直接和大气CO_2浓度的变化相关,从而影响到全球气候的稳定,因而成为全球变化研究的重要内容之一。随着科学研究的深入和社会发展的需求,碳循环研究已逐渐从人类CO_2排放到海洋与陆地全球分布的基本问题,转变为区域碳收支的确定,以及在气候变化与人类活动双重影响下全球碳循环的响应及反馈。IPCC第五次评估报告(AR5)~([1])采用大量、独立的数据进一步明确了自工业革命以来,大  相似文献   

Assimilating the LAI Data to the VEGAS Model Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter: An Observing System Simulation Experiment          下载免费PDF全文

JIA Bing-Hao  Ning ZENG  XIE Zheng-Hui 《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(4):314-319

Information on the spatial and temporal pat- terns of surface carbon flux is crucial to understanding of source/sink mechanisms and projection of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate. This study presents the construction and implementation of a terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation system based on a dynamic vegetation and terrestrial carbon model Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil （VEGAS） with an advanced assimilation algorithm, the local ensemble transform Kalman filter （LETKF, hereafter LETKF-VEGAS）. An observing system simulation experiment （OSSE） framework was designed to evaluate the reliability of this system, and numerical experiments conducted by the OSSE using leaf area index （LAI） observations suggest that the LETKF -VEGAS can improve the estimations of leaf carbon pool and LAI significantly, with reduced root mean square errors and increased correlation coefficients with true values, as compared to a control run without assimilation. Furthermore, the LETKF-VEGAS has the potential to provide more accurate estimations of the net primary productivity （NPP） and carbon flux to atmosphere （CFta）.  相似文献