地形对门头沟一次大暴雨动力作用的数值研究   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

盛春岩  高守亭  史玉光 《气象学报》2012,70(1):65-77

2002年6月24—25日,北京门头沟附近发生了一次大暴雨过程。为探讨地形在本次过程中的动力作用,采用美国俄克拉荷马大学风暴分析预测中心开发的ARPS模式,对大暴雨过程进行了数值试验。控制试验采用27、9 km双重单向嵌套网格,网格覆盖范围约为3000 km×3000 km、900 km×900 km。两层网格均采用全物理过程,使用的都是全球30″的地形资料。在控制试验的基础上,进行了3组敏感性试验:第1组试验采用干过程模拟,即不考虑凝结潜热的作用;第2组试验将地形整体向东/西平移1°;第3组试验是将门头沟西部的局地地形抠除一部分。试验结果表明,在不考虑凝结潜热作用时,东南风气流仍然可以爬升到2 km以上,超过了大气的抬升凝结高度,证实了地形的动力作用是本次大暴雨的触发机制;将地形向东/西平移1°后,由于大气的对流稳定度发生了改变,模拟的降水强度和落区也发生了变化,表明山坡和山顶的对流不稳定大气是导致本次大暴雨的必要条件;抠除局地地形后,模拟的降水量也发生了不同程度的改变,再次证明大暴雨是在多尺度地形以及一定的天气系统配置下产生的。  相似文献   

基于多种探测资料对武汉一次短时暴雪天气的监测分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李德俊  唐仁茂  向玉春  柳草  陈英英  徐桂荣 《高原气象》2012,31(5):1386-1392

利用Thies Clima激光雨滴谱仪、MP3000A微波辐射仪、多普勒雷达和人工加密观测资料,分析了2011年2月12日武汉一次暴雪天气过程的演变特征。结果表明:(1)在这次短时暴雪过程中,先后出现了降雨、雨夹雪和纯降雪3个阶段,激光雨滴谱仪监测到该降雨阶段的雨滴谱较宽,最大直径达4.5mm,数浓度比较小,为2～5 429个.m-3.mm-1,雨滴谱型呈双峰型分布特点;(2)微波辐射仪对水汽相态监测显示,08:12-09:34(世界时)期间在1.5～3.5km过冷层比湿维持14～16g.kg-1大值区,之后迅速由雨夹雪过程(仅16min)过渡到纯降雪阶段,在65min内武汉站降雪量达到5.035mm,占整个降雪量的80%以上;(3)雷达反射率因子与粒子谱宽和数浓度密切相关,若后两者越大则对应的雷达回波强度也越大;同时还发现,与微波辐射仪反演的水汽密度、激光雨滴谱仪测得的降水强度也有较好的对应关系,若将这些结合起来对降水的相态变化、强度、量级和持续时间有很好的监测能力。  相似文献   

Application of Dynamic Subgrid-scale Models for Large-eddy Simulation of the Daytime Convective Boundary Layer over Heterogeneous Surfaces   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hsin-Yuan Huang  Bjorn Stevens  Steven A. Margulis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,126(3):327-348

The sensitivity of large-eddy simulation (LES) to the representation of subgrid-scale (SGS) processes is explored for the case of the convective boundary layer (CBL) developing over surfaces with varying degrees of spatial heterogeneity. Three representations of SGS processes are explored: the traditional constant Smagorinsky–Lilly model and two other dynamic models with Lagrangian averaging approaches to calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient (C _S ) and SGS Prandtl number (Pr). With initial data based roughly on the observed meteorology, simulations of daytime CBL growth are performed over surfaces with characteristics (i.e. fluxes and roughness) ranging from homogeneous, to striped heterogeneity, to a realistic representation of heterogeneity as derived from a recent field study. In both idealized tests and the realistic case, SGS sensitivities are mostly manifest near the surface and entrainment zone. However, unlike simulations over complex domains or under neutral or stable conditions, these differences for the CBL simulation, where large eddies dominate, are not significant enough to distinguish the performance of the different SGS models, irrespective of surface heterogeneity.  相似文献   

登陆台风降水的大尺度环流诊断分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

程正泉  陈联寿  李英 《气象学报》2009,67(5):840-850

强度相似的登陆台风造成的强降水可能差异很大.为研究大尺度环流对登陆台风降水的影响,利用热带气旋年鉴和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用动态合成分析方法,对比分析了登陆后48小时内降水特征迥异而强度、路径相似的两组登陆台风的大尺度环流特征.合成分析结果表明,西南气流的水汽输送对台风降水至关重要,造成大范围强降水的台风往往在登陆后仍与深厚西南急流相连并持续很长时间.高空强辐散场是登陆台风造成大范围强降水的一个基本动力特征.造成强降水的登陆台风其环境场的上升气流不仅强,其气旋性环流的伸展高度高且能长时间维持.登陆台风造成降水的范围和强度与登陆前台风下游大陆环境大气的稳定度有关.下游高温高湿的大气有利于能量尤其是潜热能的大量补充,对强降水增强和维持都十分有利.因此,大尺度环流对登陆台风降水有明显影响.其中,与台风相连的西南急流强度和深厚程度是最重要的因子,高低空辐散辐合强度、台风及环境风场结构以及台风下游大陆上空大气湿热状态等都是需要加以考虑的.  相似文献   

植被动力学模式中物候方案的研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

田东晓  曾晓东 《气候与环境研究》2015,20(6):726-734

植物物候是指植物生长过程中呈现出的季节性现象,一般与植物所处的气候与环境变化密切相关。植被动力学模式研究的物候主要表现为叶面积指数变化,直接影响陆气间的碳通量与水热交换,同时影响物种间的竞争,从而间接地影响生态系统的结构组成。按照建模方法的差别,目前模式中使用的物候方案可分为使用卫星观测资料的物候方案、基于物候——气候关系的统计模型和基于叶碳平衡(周转)的动力学模型三大类。将植物物候分为物候期的触发和物候期叶片的发育过程两部分,分别对国际上广泛使用的八种全球植被动力学模式进行分类描述,对比其优缺点。最后探讨了植被动力学模式中物候方案的进一步发展方向。  相似文献   

长江三峡工程库区生态环境遥感动态监测   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

周乐群  孙长安  高改萍  胡甲均  胡宗云  杨岚 《国土资源遥感》2005,16(1):49-52

长江三峡工程库区人类活动频繁,生态系统脆弱,三峡工程对库区生态环境的影响一直是人们关注的焦点。运用遥感、地理 信息系统、全球卫星定位系统、计算机网络技术,采用DEM 、影像正射校正、多源影像数据融合、多层次信息提取等技术方法,对整 个库区20世纪80年代中期、90年代末期生态环境、草地资源进行了全面的动态监测,并在此基础上利用ArcGIS软件开发完成了“长江 三峡工程库区生态环境遥感动态监测GIS系统”。  相似文献   

Using micro-catchment experiments for multi-local scale modelling of nature-based solutions     

Barry Hankin  Trevor J. C. Page  Nick A. Chappell  Keith J. Beven  Paul J. Smith  Ann Kretzschmar  Rob Lamb 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14418

The Q-natural flood management project has co-developed with the Environment Agency 18 monitored micro-catchments (~1 km²) in Cumbria, UK installing calibrated flumes aimed at quantifying the potential shift in observed flows resulting from a range of nature-based-solutions installed by local organizations. The small-scale reduces the influence of variability characterizing larger catchments that would otherwise mask any such shifts, which we attempt to relate to a shift in model parameters. This paper demonstrates an approach to applying donor-parameter-shifts obtained from modelling two of the paired micro-catchments to a much larger scale, in order to understand the potential for improved distributed modelling of nature-based solutions in the form of additional tree-planting. The models include a rainfall-runoff model, Dynamic Topmodel, and a 2D hydrodynamic model, JFlow, permitting analysis of changes in hillslope processes and channel hydrodynamics resulting from a range of distributed measures designed to emulate natural hydrological processes that evaporate, store or infiltrate flows. We report on attempts to detect shift in hydrological response using one of the paired-micro-catchment moorland versus forestry sites in Lorton using Dynamic Topmodel. A donor-parameter-shift approach is used in a hypothetical experiment to represent new woodland in a much larger catchment, although testing all combinations of spatial planting strategies, responses to multiple-extremes, failure-modes and changes to synchronization becomes intractable to support good decision making. We argue that the problem can be re-framed to use donor-parameter-shifts at multi-local-scale catchments above communities known to be at risk, commensurate with most of the evidence of NbS impacts being effective at the small scale (ca. 10 km²). This might lead to more effective modelling to help catchment managers prioritize those communities-at-risk where there is more evidence that NbS might be effective.  相似文献   

Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China     

Yanying Li  Ying Cai  Chunyan Zhang  Ting Zeng  Jiping Yang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(12):1316-1327

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.  相似文献   

Feedback control system for blow-out preventer positioning     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

During the drilling of ultra-deep-water subsea petroleum wells, a blow-out preventer (BOP), a piece of safety equipment, must be assembled on the wellhead. The BOP is suspended using the drilling riser during the wellhead approach operation, and the riser's top end is connected to the floating platform rig. This article presents a feedback control system for the automatic approach of the BOP to the wellhead. Compared to state-of-the-art controls, ours does not require ancillary thrusters installed alongside the riser nor inclination sensors atop of the drilling riser. Additionally, our proposed control embeds a closed-loop dynamic positioning system, thus retaining the characteristics of the original control system and adding an extra closed-loop. This eases implementation of the BOP approach control to an existing platform. To calculate the optimal gains for the BOP controller, we assume a linear system for the riser, including only the pendulum-shape. The simulation is carried out using nonlinear models for both riser and floating platform. We assume an International Towing Tank Conference standard semi-submersible platform, coupled with a 3000-m free-hanging vertical riser for the time-domain simulation. The results show the BOP tracking to be a step-shaped input signal under current and wave loads. A discussion of the performance of feedback control under different environmental loads is also included.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamic performance of a T-shaped floating breakwater     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The comprehensive utilization of floating breakwaters, specially acting as a supporting structure for offshore marine renewable energy explorations, has received more and more attention recently. Based on linear water-wave theory, the hydrodynamic performance of a T-shaped floating breakwater is semi-analytically investigated through the matched eigenfunction expansion method (MEEM). Auxiliary functions, to speed up the convergence and improve the accuracy in the numerical computations, are introduced to represent the singular behavior of fluid field near the lower salient corners of the structure. The effects of the height and installation position of the vertical screen on the reflection and transmission coefficients, dynamic response and wave forces are examined. It is found that the presence of the screen shifts the resonance frequency of RAO for both surge and pitch modes to the low-frequency area, while has no effect on heave mode. The identical added masses, damping and transmission coefficients can be obtained in the cases where the screen holds the same distance away from the longitudinal central axis of the upper box-type structure. Moreover, a relatively small pitch response can be achieved in a wide wave–frequency range, when the breakwater is Γ-shaped.  相似文献