Interphase mass transfer between fluids in subsurface formations: A review     

《Advances in water resources》2015

This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art on interphase mass transfer between immiscible fluids in porous media with focus on the factors that have significant influence on this process. In total close to 300 papers were reviewed focusing to a large extent on the literature relating to NAPL contamination of the subsurface. The large body of work available on this topic was organized according to the length scale of the conducted studies, namely the pore, meso and field scales. The interrelation of interphase mass transfer at these different scales is highlighted. To gain further insight into interphase mass transfer, published studies were discussed and evaluated in terms of the governing flow configurations defined in terms of the wettability and mobility of the different phases. Such organization of the existing literature enables the identification of the interfacial domains that would have significant impact on interphase mass transfer. Available modeling approaches at the various length scales are discussed with regard to current knowledge on the physics of this process. Future research directions are also suggested.  相似文献   

A review of rainfall interception modelling   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A. Muzylo  P. Llorens  F. Valente  J.J. Keizer  F. Domingo  J.H.C. Gash   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,370(1-4):191-206

This paper is a review of physically-based rainfall interception modelling. Fifteen models were selected, representing distinct concepts of the interception process. Applications of these models to field data sets published before March 2008 are also analysed. We review the theoretical basis of the different models, and give an overview of the models’ characteristics. The review is designed to help with the decision on which model to apply to a specific data set. The most commonly applied models were found to be the original and sparse Gash models (69 cases) and the original and sparse Rutter models (42 cases). The remaining 11 models have received much less attention, but the contribution of the Mulder model should also be acknowledged. The review reveals the need for more modelling of deciduous forest, for progressively more sparse forest and for forest in regions with intensive storms and the consequent high rainfall rates. The present review also highlights drawbacks of previous model applications. Failure to validate models, the few comparative studies, and lack of consideration given to uncertainties in measurements and parameters are the most outstanding drawbacks. Finally, the uncertainties in model input data are rarely taken into account in rainfall interception modelling.  相似文献   

Magnetotail dipolarization fronts and particle acceleration: A review     

Fu  Huishan  Grigorenko  Elena E.  Gabrielse  Christine  Liu  Chengming  Lu  San  Hwang  K. J.  Zhou  Xuzhi  Wang  Zhe  Chen  Fang 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(2):235-256

In this paper, the particle acceleration processes around magnetotail dipolarization fronts(DFs) were reviewed. We summarize the spacecraft observations(including Cluster, THEMIS, MMS) and numerical simulations(including MHD, testparticle, hybrid, LSK, PIC) of these processes. Specifically, we(1) introduce the properties of DFs at MHD scale, ion scale, and electron scale,(2) review the properties of suprathermal electrons with particular focus on the pitch-angle distributions,(3)define the particle-acceleration process and distinguish it from the particle-heating process,(4) identify the particle-acceleration process from spacecraft measurements of energy fluxes, and(5) quantify the acceleration efficiency and compare it with other processes in the magnetosphere(e.g., magnetic reconnection and radiation-belt acceleration processes). We focus on both the acceleration of electrons and ions(including light ions and heavy ions). Regarding electron acceleration, we introduce Fermi,betatron, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms;regarding ion acceleration, we present Fermi, betatron, reflection, resonance, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms. We also discuss the unsolved problems and open questions relevant to this topic, and suggest directions for future studies.  相似文献   

国外芒硝资源及其开发利用          下载免费PDF全文

曹兆汉 《盐湖研究》1993,1(2):53-66

在整个化学工业历史中,硫酸钠曾占有重要的地位。由于它是一种天然盐资源和作为许多化学加工副产品的来源丰富,使其价格低廉。在一定的条件下,它曾作为碱(Na_2O)和硫的来源,但这些用途都需消耗高的能源。在二十世纪初期,由于硫酸盐纸浆法的开发和商业化,使硫酸钠出现新的用途。二次世界大战以来,利用它的化学惰性和低价,导致它作为家用洗涤剂的填料。自80年代以来,由于以上工业中采用了先进的工艺以及经济和环保上的诸因素,使硫酸钠用量逐年降低。这种下降趋势将持续到90年代,除非开发耗量大的新用途。其中最具有远景的是利用电渗析法使硫酸钠转化为硫酸和苛性碱。该法已进入中试阶段,并预期具有商业化的潜力。无论天然的或副产品的加工工艺,都采用同样的基本原理以获得畅销的硫酸钠。几乎所有的生产者,都将这种原料结晶成芒硝,使其纯化,然后用熔融或完全脱水将芒硝转化成无水物,后者即可在有关工业中应用或进行再加工。本文综述芒硝和硫酸钠资源的开发历程、地球化学、储量、脱水、再加工、用途和展望等方面,并着重于脱水和电渗析技术以及其他再加工。  相似文献