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21.
D.G. Pearson S.B. Shirey J.W. Harris R.W. Carlson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):311-326
Re–Os isotope compositions of syngenetic sulphide inclusions in both eclogite suite (E-type) and peridotite suite (P-type) parageneses in diamonds from the Koffiefontein mine, South Africa have been analysed using a technique capable of analysing single inclusion grains, or, in some cases multiple inclusions from the same diamonds. Sulphide inclusion Ni contents broadly correlate with Os abundances in that low-Ni (6.8–8.7% Ni), E-type sulphides have 4.7 to 189 ppb Os whereas the two high-Ni (25%), P-type sulphides have 5986 and 6097 ppb Os. Two P-type sulphides from the same diamond define the first mineral isochron obtained for a single diamond which has an age of 69±30 Ma with chondritic initial 187Os/188Os. This indicates that the sulphides, and hence the host diamond, crystallised close to the time of kimberlite emplacement (90 Ma), in the Mesozoic. This is supported by Pb isotopic measurements of a fragment from one of the sulphides, together with the absence of significant Type IaB nitrogen aggregation in the host diamond lattice. E-type sulphide inclusions have radiogenic Os isotopic compositions, 187Os/188Os 0.346 to 2.28, and Re–Os model ages from 1.1 to 2.9 Ga. They define an array on a Re–Os isochron diagram that may be interpreted as defining a single period of E-type sulphide growth at 1.05±0.12 Ga, with an elevated initial 187Os/188Os. Alternatively, two episodes of sulphide crystallisation, from a chondritic reservoir, may be invoked in the Archaean and in the Proterozoic. The results for both P- and E-type diamonds point to a spectrum of diamond crystallisation ages. High contents of both Re and Os, and the similarity of Re/Os ratios of sulphide inclusions in diamonds to whole rock eclogite and peridotite xenoliths indicate that small amounts of sulphides can dominate the mantle budget of both these elements during melting. Recent addition to the lithospheric mantle of high-Os material similar to that from which the P-type sulphides crystallised may explain the variable, sometimes young Os model ages seen in whole rock xenolith Re–Os data. 相似文献
22.
Experimental investigation of the effect of metasomatism by carbonatic melt on the composition and structure of the deep mantle 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The compositions of various transition-zone and lower-mantle phases and coexisting carbonatic melts were determined by exploratory melting experiments in chemically complex CO2-bearing systems at 20–24.5 GPa and 1600–2000 °C. The melts are highly ultramafic, enriched in K, Na, Ca, Fe, and Mg, and depleted in Al and Si. Melting experiments were also carried out with the compositions on the join Mg2SiO4–Na2CO3 at 3.7 GPa and 1200–1600 °C. The solidus assemblage of MgCO3 and Na2MgSiO4 melts incongruently to produce forsterite and Na-rich melt. The new results and other recent studies in CO2-bearing systems suggest that carbonatic melt could be present, either transiently or permanently, in the whole Earth's upper mantle and at least the uppermost lower mantle. Carbonate-melt metasomatism is recognized as a process that could have a major effect on the composition and structure of the deep mantle, and thus play an important role in its evolution. Due to the unique properties of the carbonatic melt, its circulation in an otherwise static mantle could be a more efficient process than the solid-state convection for maintaining equilibrium in most of the mantle not involved directly in plate tectonics. 相似文献
23.
西西非地区蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,尤其以产出众多大型超大型的铝土矿、铁矿、金矿、金刚石矿等著称,在全球占有重要地位。矿床集中分布在三个构造域内,形成于不同的成矿期:(1)太古宙马恩(Man)地盾和雷圭巴特(Reguibat)地盾、古元古界莱奥(Leo)地盾及凯涅巴(Kéniéba)和卡伊(Kayes)构造窗,主要成矿事件包括在2.5-2.3Ga形成了多个巨型铁矿床;几乎所有金矿、斑岩型铜矿、铅锌矿和沉积型锰矿都形成于2.2-2.1Ga;原生金刚石矿床形成于两个时间段,分别是2.2-2.0Ga左右和中生代。(2)泛非期和海西期活动带成矿域,主要成矿事件包括前寒武纪2.1Ga左右以及680Ma左右发生的铁氧化物铜金矿床(IOCG)成矿事件,以及新元古代沉积型铁矿和磷矿。(3)克拉通内盆地和海岸盆地带,包括新生代在中生代辉绿岩之上发生的铝土矿化作用,新近纪/第四纪形成的砂矿床、鲕状铁矿床和沉积型磷矿。西非地区的矿产分布规律与成矿时代、赋矿岩石、区域构造密切相关,不同矿种区域集中分布特征明显。根据已发现的铁矿、铝土矿、金矿、金刚石矿等主要经济矿产的分布,结合区域地质背景等因素,在西非克拉通南部划分了3个重要成矿区:(1)马恩太古宙地盾铁、金刚石巨型成矿区;(2)莱奥古中元古界地盾(包括凯涅巴构造窗)金矿等巨型成矿区;(3)博韦(Bove)新元古-古生代盆地铝土矿巨型成矿区。这些巨型成矿区也是西非地区最重要的矿产地和成矿远景区。 相似文献
24.
Namibia's southwestern coast, the Sperrgebiet, hosts one of the world's largest gem diamond placer deposits consisting of fluvial, marine and desert deflation/aeolian placer types. To date, the richest onshore placer discovered in the Sperrgebiet comprises several, Plio-Pleistocene to Holocene, littoral marine packages distributed northwards from the Orange River mouth for some 120 km to Chameis Bay. In this zone, known as Mining Area No. 1 (MA1), these Quaternary marine deposits are floored predominantly by siliciclastic rocks of the Late Proterozoic Gariep Belt that have been bevelled into a number of marine-cut platforms during the different Quaternary high sea level stands (notably, at + 30 m, + 8 m, + 4 m and + 2 m). In many places, these bedrock platforms are extensively gullied and potholed, forming abundant fixed trapsites that promote diamond concentration in the Late Cainozoic littoral sediments. Some observations on the distribution, orientation and incision of bedrock gullies in MA1 are presented here.Three principal bedrock gully types, all of which constitute good diamond trapsites, have been identified in the bedrock footwall between the Orange River mouth northwards to Chameis Bay, a distance of some 120 km: (i) swash-parallel gullies in the southern, proximal sector where the bedrock s2 dips 45°W and the abrasive gravels are most abundant, thus overriding lithological and structural controls in the footwall; (ii) strike-parallel gullies in the central reach where the bedrock s2 dips between 80° and 85°W and the abrasive bedload is reduced, resistant lithological units promote the formation of such features along the orientation of the metsediments; and (iii) joint gullies in the northern, distal portion where the bedrock s2 dips 45–60° to the E and coarse abrasive bedload is virtually absent, the structural pattern in the bedrock is exploited by marine erosion.In these Late Cainozoic placers, diamond concentration is further linked to the depth of the gullies incised into the marine-cut platforms. Maximum incision is noted on the seaward margins of the marine-cut platforms where high-energy littoral processes, acting in a micro-tidal range of ca. 1.8 m under strong prevailing southerly wind and South Atlantic derived southwesterly swell regimes, promote marine erosion and deep gully formation.Therefore, the most favourable diamondiferous trapsites in the Late Cainozoic marine packages of the southwestern Sperrgebiet are those developed in deep bedrock gullies of either swash-parallel, strike-parallel or joint pattern origin on the seaward margins of marine-cut platforms that represent discrete high sea level stands during the Quaternary. 相似文献
25.
俯冲物质深地幔循环——地球动力学研究的一个新方向 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地球上发生的各种地壳运动,大规模的火山喷发,不同深度不同规模的地震活动,规模宏大的山脉和高原的形成,以及地球历史上发生的大陆漂移运动,都被认为与板块构造活动密切相关。但这些运动的动力源究竟来自何方?如何去发现和证明它们的存在以及从理论上去认识和解释,是当今地球科学面临的巨大挑战,也是今后很长一段时间内地球科学的前沿和热点问题。近些年,人们通过各种方法,试图从更深部寻找板块作用动力学的证据。首先是地震层析研究取得了很大进展,获得了许多区域性和全球的高分辨率3-D地震地幔波速结构,使得我们得以认识地球深部的结构,探讨地幔的物质组成,流体的作用和动力学过程。证据显示,板块俯冲不仅可以到达地幔过渡带深度,而且可达到下地幔底部,堆积在核幔边界的上部,成为核幔边界产生的地幔柱的重要物质组成。其次是开展了大量的实验岩石学研究,模拟了一系列地球深部的高温高压矿物组合,被认为可能代表了地幔过渡带和下地幔的矿物组合,甚至核幔边界的含水矿物组合。另一方面,计算机模拟实验揭示了冷的大洋岩石圈发生深俯冲是可行的。尤为重要的是,许多来自地幔过渡带甚至下地幔深度的高压矿物已经在自然界陆续被发现,证明其中一些矿物是源自深俯冲的洋壳物质,记录了俯冲洋壳再循环的历史,如产在巴西、南非和加拿大等金伯利岩中的超深金刚石矿物包裹体。此外,洋岛玄武岩和大陆板内玄武岩的研究,也找到了早期俯冲下去的壳源岩石的同位素证据。近些年发现的蛇绿岩型金刚石是另一实证,其金刚石碳同位素和包裹体研究表明它们源自早期俯冲下去的壳源物质,被认为是研究俯冲物质深部再循环的一个新窗口。这些俯冲再循环的物质,被认为是通过地幔柱的活动从深部带至浅表。本文综述了地球深部物质循环的研究现状,强调了该研究的重要性,并认为俯冲物质深部循环是地球动力学研究的一个新方向。 相似文献