Shifting frames for local people and forests in a global heritage: the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization     

Reiner Buergin 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):375-393

Focusing on the case of the World Heritage Site and Wildlife Sanctuary Thung Yai Naresuan, the paper sketches the interdependences of international and national forest and conservation policies in Thailand since the middle of the 19th century. In the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization, these policies resulted in a coercing conservationism which focuses increasingly on the so-called ‘hill tribe’ ethnic minority groups. The shifting cultural and political framings of the area that became a national wildlife sanctuary and a ‘global heritage’ reflect external economic, political, and ideological interests. The people of the Karen ethnic minority group who live in the sanctuary are conceived of as a disruptive factor and never have had a chance to participate in these framings. After the designation of the area as a World Heritage Site, the remaining villages face increasing pressure from the Royal Forest Department which is trying to remove them with the help of the Military. Drawing on the different vested interests and the relativity of cultural conceptualizations, the paper questions the external framing, pointing to three major problems that are raised with regard to Thung Yai, but are symptomatic of modern conservationism at large: inconsistencies between normative claims and political practice; distortions of scale between conceptions designed at different levels of social space from the local to the global, and; the problem to reconcile conflicting cultural patterns and conceptualizations. The paper argues for a reframing of the conflict to conceive the Karen in Thung Yai as an integral part of the ‘global heritage’.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal gases offshore Milos Island, Greece   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Reiner Botz  Doris Stüben  Gisela Winckler  Reinhold Bayer  Manfred Schmitt  Eckhard Faber 《Chemical Geology》1996,130(3-4):161-173

Hydrothermal fluids emerge from the seafloor of Paleohori Bay on Milos. The gases in these fluids contain mostly CO₂ but CH₄ concentrations up to 2% are present. The stable carbon isotopic composition of the CO₂ (near 0%) indicates an inorganic carbon source (dissociation of underlying marine carbonates). The carbon and hydrogen isotopes of most CH₄ samples are enriched in the heavy species (δ¹³C = −9.4 to −17.8‰; δD = −102 to −189‰) which is believed to be characteristic for an abiogenic production of CH₄ by CO₂-reduction (Fischer-Tropsch reactions). Depletions in the deuterium content of three CH₄ samples (to −377%) are probably caused by unknown subsurface rock alteration processes. Secondary hydrogen isotope exchange processes between methane, hydrogen and water are most likely responsible for calculated unrealistic methane formation temperatures.

We show that excess helium, slightly enriched in ³He, is present in the hydrothermal fluids emerging the seafloor of Paleohori Bay. When the isotopic ratio of the excess component is calculated a ³He/⁴He_excess of 3.6 · 10⁻⁶ is obtained: This indicates that the excess component consists of about one third of mantle helium and two thirds of radiogenic helium. We infer that the mantle-derived component has been strongly diluted by radiogenic helium during the ascent of the fluids to the surface.  相似文献   

Mobilization of Ti-Nb-Ta during subduction: Evidence from rutile-bearing dehydration segregations and veins hosted in eclogite, Tianshan, NW China   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

Jun Gao  Reiner Klemd 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(20):4974-4996

Field evidence from the western Tianshan subduction complex in northwestern China indicates that the high field strength elements Ti, Nb, and Ta were mobilized and thereby fractionated from Zr and Hf during the dehydration process that transformed blueschist into eclogite. Both a segregation with a depletion halo, thought to represent initial mobilization during dehydration, and a transport vein, indicative of the long distance transport were investigated. In each case, centimeter-sized rutile grains grew as needle-like crystals in the segregation and as prismatic crystals in the vein. Within the host rock of the segregation, the Ti contents of garnet and omphacite, the modal abundances of rutile and titanite and the bulk rock Ti, Nb, and Ta contents decrease towards the segregation. These observations are consistent with transport of Ti, Nb, and Ta from the host rock into the segregation. Textural and geochemical data for the eclogite-facies vein minerals indicate that Ti-Nb-Ta-rich fluids were transported over long-distances (at minimum meter-scale) during fracture-controlled fluid flow. Complex forming ligands (e.g., Na-Si-Al polymers and F⁻) may have enhanced the solubility of Ti, Nb, and Ta in the fluid. Changes in fluid composition (e.g., X_CO2) may both precipitate rutile and fractionate Ti, Nb, and Ta from LILE and REE.  相似文献   

Fluid influence on mineral reactions in ultrahigh-pressure granulites: a case study in the Śnieżnik Mts. (West Sudetes, Poland)     

Reiner Klemd  Michael Bröcker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,136(4):358-373

Small tectonic slices of undeformed eclogites and ultrahigh-pressure granulites occur in three tectonic units of the Śnieżnik Mts. (SW Poland). Ultrahigh-pressure granulite/eclogite transitions with peak metamorphic conditions between 21 and 28 kbar at 800 to 1000 °C occur only in the Złote unit. Conventional U-Pb multigrain analyses of zircons from a mafic granulite provided ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages between 360 to 369 Ma which are interpreted to approximate timing of original crystallisation from a melt. Diffusion kinetics and the restricted availability of a fluid phase mainly controlled the conversion from granulite to eclogite, although some bulk-chemical differences were also recognised. The ultrahigh-pressure granulites from the Złote unit exclusively contain H₂O-rich inclusions with variable salinities which distinguishes them from high-temperature (HT)-granulites world-wide. This is also in contrast to the fluid regime (H₂O-N₂-CO₂) recognised in the lower-temperature eclogites (600–800 °C) from the closely associated Międzygórze and Śnieżnik units. The variation in fluid composition between the lower-temperature eclogites and ultrahigh-pressure granulites on the one hand and ultrahigh-pressure granulites and HT-granulites on the other hand probably indicates contrasting P-T-t paths as a result of different tectonic environments. Received: 15 June 1998 / Accepted: 2 March 1999  相似文献   

Low-temperature opal-CT precipitation in Antarctic deep-sea sediments: evidence from oxygen isotopes     

Reiner Botz  Gerhard Bohrmann   《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1991,107(3-4)

Porcellanite has been found in Antarctic deep-sea sediments of shallow burial depth at four different sites in host sediments younger than 4 Ma. Oxygen isotope analysis shows that the opal-CT samples are extremely rich in¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O= 41.2to44.7‰ rel. SMOW). According to the quartz/water fractionation the calculated isotopic opal-CT formation temperature is in the range of 0 to 4°C. This agrees well with sediment temperature measurements. The low opal-CT precipitation temperature contrasts with current ideas about later diagenetic formation of opal-CT at higher temperatures of 18 to 56°C.  相似文献   

Improved Background Correction in the Analysis Of Cadmium by Flame Atomic Absorption     

Reiner GOGUEL 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1983,7(2):341-344

Cadmium signals obtained by direct aspiration of highly concentrated solutions of rocks and other geochemical samples are swamped by strong matrix background signals. Mainly because of iron interference, the deuterium source or other continua are not satisfactory for background correction. In order to isolate atomic absorption by cadmium the total signal and the background signal have to be measured precisely. Sequential measurements in the double beam mode with electrodeless discharge lamps of cadmium and arsenic at 228.80 and 228.81 nm produced a set of uninterfered data for cadmium within marginally useful detection limits of (0.10 ppm in granite, 0.16 ppm Cd in limestone). Simple extraction of the sample powders with nitric acid dissolves only part of the sample matrix but most of the cadmium. In this way higher relative and absolute cadmium concentrations in solution and better detection limits are obtained (e.g. 0.02 ppm Cd in granite). This approach allows cadmium in geosamples at levels below 0.3 ppm to be determined more accurately than via hydrofluoric acid dissolution.  相似文献   

Untersuchungen der Tektonik der Hunsrückrandstörungszone zwischen Münster-Sarmsheim und Kirn an der Nahe     

Dr. Reiner Werner Heil Dipl.-Geologe 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(2):721-747

Zusammenfassung Der NW-Flügel der Nahe-Mulde wird durch die Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone geprägt. Dieses Lineament erstreckt sich vom SE-Rand des Taunus über die Nahe- und Prims-Mulde und das Saargebiet bis nach Frankreich, wo es in die Metzer Störung übergeht. Im Arbeitsgebiet reicht die Verwerfung in große Tiefen hinab und verwirft noch die Moho.Zwischen Münster-Sarmsheim und Argenschwang ist das Devon auf das Rotliegende aufgeschoben. Von Allenfeld an nach SW ändert sich der Charakter der Störungszone. Sie spaltet in zwei bzw. drei streichende Verwerfungen auf, wodurch die beschriebene Schollengliederung des Arbeitsgebietes entsteht.Die NW-Scholle lagert diskordant auf dem varistischen Gebirge mit einem Einfallen von max. 20° SE. Sie wird vom NW-Ast der Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone nach SE begrenzt. Im Abschnitt Argenschwang/Hochstetten schlieBt sich eine Grabenscholle an. In ihr lagern sowohl Gesteine des Unter- wie des Oberrotliegenden. Im Abschnitt Hochstetten/Kirn trennt der NW-Ast der Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone die NW-Scholle von der Zentralscholle, die relativ gehoben erscheint. SE der SE-Grabenrandverwerfung bzw. der Störung SE der Zentralscholle des Abschnittes Hochstetten/Kirn, folgt eine gefaltete Zone.Durch eine Störung getrennt, schlieBt sich nach SE eine Scholle an, auf der die Schichten zunächst mit 60° SE einfallen. In Richtung auf die Muldenachse der Nahe-Mulde biegen sie zu flacher Lagerung um. Der Bereich um Kirn ist durch die zahlreichen Magmatite geprägt, die in enger Verbindung zur Tektonik stehen.Eine tektonische Aktivität ist nach Ablagerung der Lebacher- bzw. der Tholeyer Gruppe möglich. Die Hauptbewegungsphase fällt in das Oberrotliegende. Es entfällt die Saalische Phase mit ihrer Diskordanz zwischen Unter- und Oberrotliegendem. Lokale Diskordanzen sind auf die Intrusionstektonik zurückzuführen. Die endgültige Ausgestaltung der Nahe-Mulde dürfte wahrend der Pfälzischen Phase der varistischen Gebirgsbildung erfolgt sein.Die Querstörungen sind jünger als alle streichenden Elemente. Teilweise haben sie tertiäres Alter. Zu dieser Zeit ist vermutlich die Aufschiebung des Devons auf das Rotliegende im Abschnitt Argenschwang/Hochstetten erfolgt. Rezente Bewegungen lassen sich bis in die heutige Zeit an Hand von Erdbeben nachweisen. Die Antwort nach der Ursache der tektonischen Bewegungen bleibt spekulativ. Bei der Größe dieses Lineaments muß man jedoch an eine Plattengrenze denken.

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The NW-side of the Nahe-Mulde (tray) is characterized by a fault zone at the southern rim of the Hunsrück-mountains (= Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone = HRS). This lineament extends from the SE-periphery of the Taunus-mountains over the Nahe-Mulde and the Prims-Mulde and the Saar-district up to France, where it passes into the Metz-disturbance. In this range the faulting reaches great depths and also faults the Moho.The treated part of the HRS between Münster-Sarmsheim and Kirn an der Nahe shows a division into three parts from NE to SW. Between Münster-Sarmsheim and Argenschwang the Devonian is faulted up onto the Rotliegendes (Lower Permian). Between Argenschwang and Allenfeld the character of the faulting zone changes. It is divided into two resp. three fault strikes by what the described block division of this range results.In the area Argenschwang/Hochstetten and Hochstetten/Kirn the NW-block is deposited discordantly on the variscan formation with a maximum dip of 20° SE. It is limited to the SE by the NW-branch of the HRS. Adjacent to this lies a grabenblock in the area Argenschwang/Hochstetten. There we find rocks of the Lower as of the Upper-Rotliegenden. In the area Hochstetten-Kirn, the NW-branch of the HRS divides the NW-block from the central block, which seems to be relatively emerged. A folded zone follows in the SE of the SE-marginal graben rim fault resp. of the disturbance in the SE of the central block of the area Hochstetten/Kirn. This zone is closely locked to the SE-branch of the HRS and does not reach beyond it in the NW. Another block is adjecant to this in the SE and divided from it by a disturbance. Next to it the layers dip 60° SE and bend to a flat bedding near the axis of the Nahe-Mulde. The area around Kirn is characterized by numerous magmatic rocks, closely connected to the tectonic structures.Already structured in the Carboniferous, the HRS first represents the dividing element between the sedimentation area of the Saar-Nahe-depression and the variscan mountains. In the Lower-Rotliegendes the sedimentation then reaches beyond the fault and the Permian material is deposited discordantly on the folded Devonian.A tectonic activity is possible after the deposition of the Lebacher-resp. the Tholeyergroup. The main movements however happened within the Oberrotliegendes. Here the today identifiable longitudinal disturbances with all their phenomenas as grahen genesis, folding and intrusions are formed. The Saalische Phase with its discordance between Unter- and Oberrotliegendem is inapplicable, because the last one is concordantly following. Local discordances are explained by intrusion tectonics.The final shopping of the Nahe-Mulde might be a result of the Pfälzische Phase of the variscian orogenesis.The crossfaults were later than all the longitudinal elements.In some cases they have tertiary age. At this time also the upfaulting of the Devonian on the Rotliegendes in the part Argenschwang/Hochstetten took place. Up to our time recent movements are provable on the basis of earthquakes. Considering the dimension of this lineament one however has to be thougth of a plate boundary. However, it remains to further investigations to show this with security.

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Résumé Le côte NW de la dépression de la Nahe est marquée par la »Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone«. Ce linéament s'étend du bord SE du Taunus, par la dépression de la Nahe et du Prims et le Saargebiet jusqu'en France, où il passe à la faille de Metz. Dans la région de ce travail, le rejet s'étend jusqu'aux grandes profondeurs et déplace encore la Moho.Pour le segment traité de la »Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone« entre Münster-Sarmsheim et Kirn an der Nahe il en résulte une structure en trois sections du NE au SW. Entre Münster-Sarmsheim et Argenschwang le Dévonien est refoulé sur le Permien. A partir de Allenfeld et dans la direction SW, le caractère de la zone dérangée change. Elle se scinde en deux ou bien trois failles longitudinales, par lesquelles se forme la structure décrite du bloc de la région.Dans les segments Argenschwang/Hochstetten et Hochstetten/Kirn, le bloc NW étudiée repose d'une façon discordante sur le terrain varistique avec un pendage de 20° SE maximum. Il est limité dans la direction du SE par la branche NW de la »Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone«. Dans le segment Argenschwang/Hochstetten se joint le massif affaissé. A l'intérieur de celui-ci, il y a, aussi bien des roches du »Unter«-que du »Oberrotliegendem«. Dans le segment Hochstetten/Kirn, la branche NW de la »Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone« sépare le bloc-NW du bloc central qui se montre relativement élevé. Au SE la faille marginale SE du graben ou bien de la faille SE du bloc central du segment Hochstetten/Kirn, suit une zone plissée. Cette zone est liée très étroitement à la branche-SE de la »Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone« et ne la sillit pas dans le NW. A la zone plissée et séparée par une faille, se joint un blov vers le SE, sur lequel les strates inclinent d'abord de 60°. Dans la direction de l'axe synclinal du Nahe-mulde, elles s'incurvent et prennent une faibel inclinaison. Le segment de Kirn est marqué de nombreuses magmatites qui sont en relation étroite avec la tectonique.Déjà structurée au carbonifêre, la »Hunsrücksüdrandstörungszone« représente 1'élément séparant l'aire sedimentaire de la Saar-Nahe-Senke et le terrain varistique. Dans le »Unterrotliegendem« la sédimentation s'entend au delá de la faille et la Permien repose en discordance.Une véritable activité tectonique est possible après la sédimentation du groupe Lebacher ou du groupe Tholeyer. La phase principale est cependant dans le »Oberrotliegende«. Ici se forment les failles longitudinales, aujoud'hui reconniassables, avec tous leurs phénomènes, comme formation de fosses tectoniques, plis et instrusions. La »Saalische« phase avec sa discordance entre »Unter«- et »Oberrotliegendem« échappe, parce que ce dernier est déposé de façon concordante sur les roches de base. On peut ramener les discordances locales à la tectonique de l'intrusion. La formation définitive pourrait avoir lieu pendant la »Pfälzische Phase« de l'orogénèse varistique.Les failles transversales sont plus jeunes que tous les éléments longitudinaux. Elles sont en partie d'âge sou-tertiare. Le lévement du Dévonien sur le Permien dans le segment Argenschwang/Hochstetten s'est vraissemblablement produit à cette époque. Des mouvements récents se laissent démontrer jusqu'à nos jours au moyen des tremblements de terre. La réponse a la cause des mouvements reste spéculative. Cependant, en voyant la grandeur de ce linéament, on doit penser à une limite de plaque. Cette réalité nécessiterait toute fois d'autres recherches.

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The international hydrological decade — The international hydrological programme     

Reiner Keller 《Geoforum》1976,7(2):139-143

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Height datum definition,height datum connection and the role of the geodetic boundary value problem   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3  

Reiner Rummel  Peter Teunissen 《Journal of Geodesy》1988,62(4):477-498

Vertical datum definition is identical with the choice of a potential (or height) value for the fundamental bench mark. Also the connection of two adjacent vertical datums poses no principal problem as long as the potential (or height) value of two bench marks of the two systems is known and they can be connected by levelling. Only the unification of large vertical datums and the connection of vertical datums separated by an ocean remains difficult. Two vertical datums can be connected indirectly by means of a combination of precise geocentric positions of two points, as derived by space techniques, their potential (or height) value in the respective height datum and their geoid height difference. The latter requires the solution of the linear geodetic boundary value problem under the assumption that potential and gravity anomalies refer to a variety of height datums. The unknown off-sets between the various datums appear in the solution inside and outside the Stokes integral and can be estimated in a least squares adjustment, if geocentric positions, levelled heights and adequate gravity material are available for all datum zones. The problem can in principle also be solved involving only two datums, in case a precise global gravity field becomes available purely from satellite methods.  相似文献   

Formation of carbonate concretions in surface sediments of two mud mounds,offshore Costa Rica: a stable isotope study     

Vasileios?MavromatisEmail author  Reiner?Botz  Mark?Schmidt  Volker?Liebetrau  Christian?Hensen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(7):1831-1844

The surface sediments of two mud mounds (“Mound 11” and “Mound 12”) offshore southwest Costa Rica contain abundant authigenic carbonate concretions dominated by high-Mg calcite (14–20 mol-% MgCO₃). Pore fluid geochemical profiles (sulfate, sulfide, methane, alkalinity, Ca and Mg) indicate recent carbonate precipitation within the zone of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) at variable depths. The current location of the authigenic carbonate concretions is, however, not related to the present location of the AOM zone, suggesting mineral precipitation under past geochemical conditions as well as changes in the flow rates of upward migrating fluids. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis of authigenic carbonate concretions yielded δ¹⁸O_carbonate values ranging between 34.0 and 37.7 ‰ Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW) and δ¹³C_carbonate values from ?52.2 to ?14.2 ‰ Vienna Pee Dee belemnite (VPDB). Assuming that no temperature changes occurred during mineral formation, the authigenic carbonate concretions have been formed at in situ temperature of 4–5 °C. The δ¹⁸O_carbonate values suggest mineral formation from seawater-derived pore fluid (δ¹⁸O_porefluid = 0 ‰ VSMOW) for Mound 12 carbonate concretions but also the presence of an emanating diagenetic fluid (δ¹⁸O_porefluid ≈5 ‰) in Mound 11. A positive correlation between δ¹³C_carbonate and δ¹⁸O_carbonate is observed, indicating the admixing of two different sources of dissolved carbon and oxygen in the sediments of the two mounds. The carbon of these sources are (1) marine bicarbonate (δ¹³C_porefluid ≈0 ‰) and (2) bicarbonate which formed during the AOM (δ¹³C_porefluid ≈?70 ‰). Furthermore, the δ¹⁸O_porefluid composition, with values up to +4.7 ‰ Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW), is interpreted to be affected by the presence of emanating, freshened and boron-enriched fluids. Earlier, it has been shown that the origin of ¹⁸O-enriched fluids are deep diagenetic processes as it was indicated by the presence of methane with thermogenic signature (δ¹³C_CH4 = ?38 ‰). A combination of present geochemical data with geophysical observations indicates that Mounds 11 and 12 represent a single fluid system interconnected by deep-seated fault(s).  相似文献