Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project--a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management     

Galloway TS  Brown RJ  Browne MA  Dissanayake A  Lowe D  Jones MB  Depledge MH 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):233-237

The ECOMAN project was initiated from an awareness of the complexity of the functioning of coastal marine systems and the clear need for more pragmatic environmental assessment techniques linking environmental degradation with its causes. The aim of the project is to develop a suite of easy to use, cost effective and environmentally valid biological responses (biomarkers) to assess the general health of coastal systems, including estuaries. To achieve this aim, various sublethal endpoints are being measured and evaluated from a range of common coastal organisms showing different feeding types (filter feeding, grazing and predation) and habitat requirements (estuary and rocky shore) and at different levels of biological response (cellular, physiological and behavioural). This holistic integrated approach is essential to identify the full impact of chemical contamination on organisms, and enables the sensitivity of organisms to be ranked and key sentinel species for specific habitats to be identified.  相似文献   

Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project – a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management     

Tamara S. Galloway  Rebecca J. Brown  Mark A. Browne  Awantha Dissanayake  David Lowe  Malcolm B. Jones  Michael H. Depledge 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):233

The ECOMAN project was initiated from an awareness of the complexity of the functioning of coastal marine systems and the clear need for more pragmatic environmental assessment techniques linking environmental degradation with its causes. The aim of the project is to develop a suite of easy to use, cost effective and environmentally valid biological responses (biomarkers) to assess the general health of coastal systems, including estuaries. To achieve this aim, various sublethal endpoints are being measured and evaluated from a range of common coastal organisms showing different feeding types (filter feeding, grazing and predation) and habitat requirements (estuary and rocky shore) and at different levels of biological response (cellular, physiological and behavioural). This holistic integrated approach is essential to identify the full impact of chemical contamination on organisms, and enables the sensitivity of organisms to be ranked and key sentinel species for specific habitats to be identified.  相似文献   

Isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in subsurface sediments of gas hydrate-bearing mud volcanoes, Lake Baikal: implications for methane and carbonate origin   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Alexey A. Krylov  Oleg M. Khlystov  Akihiro Hachikubo  Hirotsugu Minami  Yutaka Nunokawa  Hitoshi Shoji  Tamara I. Zemskaya  Lieven Naudts  Tatyana V. Pogodaeva  Masato Kida  Gennady V. Kalmychkov  Jeffrey Poort 《Geo-Marine Letters》2010,30(3-4):427-437

We report on the isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in pore-water samples recovered by gravity coring from near-bottom sediments at gas hydrate-bearing mud volcanoes/gas flares (Malenky, Peschanka, Peschanka 2, Goloustnoe, and Irkutsk) in the Southern Basin of Lake Baikal. The δ¹³C values of DIC become heavier with increasing subbottom depth, and vary between ?9.5 and +21.4‰ PDB. Enrichment of DIC in ¹³C indicates active methane generation in anaerobic environments near the lake bottom. These data confirm our previous assumption that crystallization of carbonates (siderites) in subsurface sediments is a result of methane generation. Types of methanogenesis (microbial methyl-type fermentation versus CO₂-reduction) were revealed by determining the offset of δ¹³C between dissolved CH₄ and CO₂, and also by using δ¹³C and δD values of dissolved methane present in the pore waters. Results show that both mechanisms are most likely responsible for methane generation at the investigated locations.  相似文献   

A New Natural Secondary Reference Material for Garnet U-Pb Dating by TIMS and LA-ICP-MS     

Namık Aysal  Marcel Guillong  Tamara Bayanova  Mayuko Fukuyama  Nicole Leonard  İsak Yılmaz  Elif Varol  Fatma Şişman Tükel  Yusuf Kaan Kadıoğlu  Nurullah Hanilçi  Fulya Uzun  Ersin Kaygısız 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2023,47(2):297-310

Gem quality andradite-rich garnet (IUC-1), obtained from the Miocene trachyte dome near Ankara city (Turkey), has been identified as a potential natural secondary reference material for U-Pb dating. In this study, U-Pb dating was performed in five different laboratories using isotope dilution TIMS and laser ablation ICP-MS to determine the homogeneity of euhedral garnet crystals. The U-Pb ID-TIMS data for IUC-1 yielded ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 20.9 ± 0.4 and 20.6 ± 0.8 Ma respectively, and these values are consistent with U-Pb LA-ICP-MS analyses, in which different garnet crystals yielded ages of 20.8 ± 0.1, 20.7 ± 0.1, 20.7 ± 0.2 and 20.2 ± 0.1 Ma. An andradite (IUC-2) from the Serçeören wollastonite skarn (Turkey) can be used as a secondary reference material provided detailed imaging of the crystals is undertaken. ID-TIMS data yielded ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 20.4 ± 0.4 and 20.9 ± 1.0 Ma respectively, and yielded U-Pb ages on different grains of 20.5 ± 0.1, 20.7 ± 1.0, 20.8 ± 1.7 and 20.9 ± 1.6 Ma. The assigned weighted mean age of IUC-1 (20.4 ± 0.5 Ma, 2s) is proposed as a 2023 reference value. IUC-1 garnet is expected to contribute significantly to rapidly developing garnet geochronology in the near future.  相似文献   

Estimates of UK CO2 emissions from aviation using air traffic data     

Tamara Pejovic  Robert B. Noland  Victoria Williams  Ralf Toumi 《Climatic change》2008,88(3-4):367-384

The allocation of CO₂ emissions to specific sources is a major policy issue for international aviation, especially for determining allocations for emissions trading schemes. This paper addresses the problem by recommending a possible methodology to allocate emissions to specific sources using detailed air traffic data. The basis for the calculations is an air traffic sample for one full-day of traffic from the UK. In order to analyse aircraft fuel burn use and hence CO₂ emissions, the Reorganized Air Traffic Control Mathematical Simulator (RAMS Plus) and the Advanced Emission Model (AEM III) are used. The results from these detailed simulations are compared with two of the most widely-used aviation CO₂ emission estimates to have been made for the UK: the SERAS study and NETCEN estimate. Their estimates for the year 2000 are 26.1 and 31.4 Mt, respectively. In addition, the most recent NETCEN estimate for the year 2003 is 34.1 Mt of CO₂. Our estimate of total aviation CO₂ emissions, using detailed simulations and real air traffic data, is 34.7 Mt for the year 2004. In addition, emission estimates are compared with two global aviation emission inventories: AERO2K and SAGE. Contributions of the highest-emitting flights and aircraft types are identified. International departures dominate; 6% of flights account for 50% of total emissions. The largest aircraft emit the most per flight-km, although not per passenger-km. Different methodologies and their implications are also discussed.  相似文献   

Hydrochemical properties of transition zone between fresh groundwater and seawater in karst environment of the Adriatic islands,Croatia   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Josip Terzić  Zoran Peh  Tamara Marković 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,59(8):1629-1642

Eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea consists of karstified carbonates. It belongs to the well-known Dinaric karst region. The coast is extremely indented and there are 718 islands with numerous rock crags and reefs. Some of the inhabited islands use their own water resources for public water supply, or plan to do it in the future. Since karst rocks are extremely permeable, the seawater intrudes into underground water resources, thereby forming the wedge. A wide transition zone occurs between this seawater wedge and fresh water aquifers. Consequently, island groundwater reserves turn brackish to a certain extent. In this study, 77 water samples were collected from a wide variety of water resources. Comprehensive statistical and mathematical multivariate analysis of these data was performed. Simple statistical approach showed several useful correlations among some parameters, and more complex multivariate techniques extracted three factors in connection with three natural processes: (1) mixing with the seawater, (2) carbonate dissolution and (3) human influence (pollution) and nitrogen transformation processes. The results of this study demonstrate that in situ measurement of electrical conductivity is adequate for the very rough field estimation of numerous parameters.  相似文献   

Farmers and perverse outcomes: The quest for food and energy security,emissions reduction and climate adaptation     

Ruth Beilin  Tamara Sysak  Serenity Hill 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(2):463-471

Victorian farmers have experienced significant impact from climate change associated with drought and more recently flooding. These factors form a convergence with a complex of other factors to change production systems physically; and farmers’ decision making is variously described as adaptive or maladaptive to these drivers of change. Recently updated State Government policies on farming, climate and water have immediate and long term implications for food production systems but are not readily interpreted at a local scale. Further, peak oil and energy security are only partially integrated into either climate or water policy discourse. In effect, despite some far-sighted words about the meaning of climate change, uncertainty is largely met with a ‘business as usual’ mantra. Farmer narratives are used to demonstrate their systemic and increasing vulnerability and likelihood of perverse outcomes. The Future Farming strategy and Our Water Our Future are briefly analyzed, as are potential implications of the rhetoric of newly elected conservative government. Using ideas from Bourdieu and Bhabha we suggest that the reliance on farmers being able to innovate and take up opportunities associated with the uncertainty of large scale changes in climate and energy availability are misguided. It is more likely that current policy directions entrench the values of the global market and its elite, leaving farmers locked-in to historical structural responses that will not be successful in the long-term and will diminish their ability to imagine radical and diverse ways of avoiding the maladaptive structures currently surrounding their production systems.  相似文献   

Esterase activities in the bivalve mollusc Adamussium colbecki as a biomarker for pollution monitoring in the Antarctic marine environment     

Bonacci S  Browne MA  Dissanayake A  Hagger JA  Corsi I  Focardi S  Galloway TS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(5-6):445-455

Marine environments are continuously being threatened by a large number of xenobiotics from anthropogenic sources. Even in sparsely populated and relatively pristine areas, such as Antarctica, hazardous chemicals can pose a serious environmental problem. The main aims of the present study were to (1) validate and optimize an analytical technique utilizing a microtitre-plate photometer to ascertain background levels of esterase activities in the Antarctic bivalve Adamussium colbecki, (2) carry out in situ monitoring of esterase activities to assess any potential environmental impacts of the Italian Scientific Antarctic Base "Terra Nova Bay" on the surrounding marine area. Results showed the presence of organophosphorous-sensitive cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities in the gills of A. colbecki and optimal assay conditions were comparable with those found for bivalve species from temperate areas. A higher sensitivity of ChE versus acetylthiocholine activity in A. colbecki to chlorpyrifos compared to species from temperate areas may also be inferred. The in situ study indicated no differences in the environmental quality of the three study sites located around the Italian Base.  相似文献   

Potential effect of nuclear war smokefall on sea ice     

Tamara Shapiro Ledley  Starley L. Thompson 《Climatic change》1986,8(2):155-171

A large nuclear war could produce massive quantities of smoke from burning cities and industries. A portion of this smoke would fall out on Arctic sea ice, thus lowering its albedo and potentially increasing the solar energy absorbed by the ice and the snow that covers it. We use a one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model to examine the effect of smokefall on the seasonal variation of sea ice. In particular, we test the sensitivity of the model results to the time of year, duration, and latitude of smokefall.Sea ice thickness variations and the period of summer ice-free conditions are sensitive to the season of smokefall. The largest sea ice perturbations are generated by smokefall in spring. In this case the period of ice-free conditions during the summer can increase by 2 – 3.5 months between 67.5° N and 82.5° N. In any given season, the annual cycle of sea ice is not very sensitive to the duration of smokefall. The equilibrium annual cycle of sea ice variation is restored within a few years of smokefall when the smoke is flushed out of the ice/snow system.Since the sea ice model used here is not a comprehensive global climate model, it is difficult to predict the mid-latitude climate effects of the massive, but temporary, Arctic sea ice changes. However, our results suggest that future global climate model simulations of the effects of nuclear war smoke include interactive sea ice calculations.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

The angle of inclination of the sunspot symmetry axis to the solar surface     

Saken Obashevich Obashev  Rimma Khaliullovna Gainullina  Tamara Mikhajlovna Minasyants  Gennadij Sergeevich Minasyants 《Solar physics》1982,78(1):59-66

The Wilson effect, used before only as a method of determining the physical depression of sunspots, is used here to estimate a quite different parameter - the sunspot symmetry axis inclination angle to the solar surface, this explains the observed negative Wilson effect.On the basis of photoheliograms taken with three telescopes of the High-Altitude Solar observatory Peak Alma-Ata, the Wilson effect for the whole solar disk is investigated, the east and west parts of the disk being studied separately. 111 sunspots of regular shape at different heliocentric angles were measured, eight of them being under observations from one limb to the other. To study the dependence of the Wilson effect on the heliocentric angle, all observations within an angular interval of 10° were averaged. The dependence thus derived is described by two sinusoids having the zero point shifted along both axes. The shift of the zero Wilson effect to the west, i.e., a shift along the heliocentric angle axis, can be caused by the deviation of the sunspot axis to the east from the normal to the solar surface. On the line of sight-normal plane the angle corresponding to this deviation is =34°±14°.  相似文献