Lithology‐controlled evolution of stream bed sediment and basin‐scale sediment yields in adjacent mountain watersheds,Idaho, USA          下载免费PDF全文

Erich R. Mueller  M. Elliot Smith  John Pitlick 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(13):1869-1883

The composition, grain‐size, and flux of stream sediment evolve downstream in response to variations in basin‐scale sediment delivery, channel network structure, and diminution during transport. Here, we document downstream changes in lithology and grain size within two adjacent ~300 km² catchments in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, which drain differing mixtures of soft and resistant rock types, and where measured sediment yields differ two‐fold. We use a simple erosion–abrasion mass balance model to predict the downstream evolution of sediment flux and composition using a Monte Carlo approach constrained by measured sediment flux. Results show that the downstream evolution of the bed sediment composition is predictably related to changes in underlying geology, influencing the proportion of sediment carried as bedload or suspended load. In the Big Wood basin, particle abrasion reduces the proportion of fine‐grained sedimentary and volcanic rocks, depressing bedload in favor of suspended load. Reduced bedload transport leads to stronger bed armoring, and coarse granitic rocks are concentrated in the stream bed. By contrast, in the North Fork Big Lost basin, bedload yields are three times higher, the stream bed is less armored, and bed sediment becomes dominated by durable quartzitic sandstones. For both basins, the geology‐based mass balance model can reproduce within ~5% root‐mean‐square error the composition of the bed substrate using realistic erosion and abrasion parameters. As bed sediment evolves downstream, bedload fluxes increase and decrease as a function of the abrasion parameter and the frequency and size of tributary junctions, while suspended load increases steadily. Variable erosion and abrasion rates produce conditions of variable bed‐material transport rates that are sensitive to the distribution of lithologies and channel network structure, and, provided sufficient diversity in bedrock geology, measurements of bed sediment composition allow for an assessment of sediment source areas and yield using a simple modeling approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于实测光谱指数法的ASTER遥感数据岩性信息提取     

陈圣波  于亚凤  杨金中  王楠  梦华 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2016,46(3):938-944

目前,光谱波段比值法可以用于岩性信息提取与识别。以新疆北山坡北造山带辉长岩、橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩以及闪长岩为研究对象,深入分析这四种岩性在VNIR（可见光-近红外）-SWIR（短波红外）谱域的光谱差异。基于辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、橄榄岩以及闪长岩在2 300 nm附近存在-OH的吸收特征,建立了第8波段的相对吸收深度RBD₈;基于橄榄辉长岩、橄榄岩以及闪长岩在400~700 nm出现的弱吸收特征,建立比值指数RI₂₁来反映四种岩性含Fe³⁺矿物的丰度;基于四种岩性在1 100 nm附近都存在由Fe²⁺引起的宽而强的吸收谱带,建立了比值指数RI₅₄来估计Fe²⁺含量。利用RBD₈、RI₂₁以及RI₅₄三个比值指数分别对影像进行增强处理,并对增强后的影像进行RGB彩色合成,不仅识别和提取出辉长岩、橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩和闪长岩,还有效区分出片岩以及碳酸盐岩等岩性信息。  相似文献   

岩性差异对泥页岩可压裂性的影响分析     

王冠民  熊周海  张婕 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2016,46(4):1080-1089

泥页岩的可压裂性是决定页岩油气能否有效开发的关键之一。由于沉积和成岩过程中的差异,常造成泥页岩在成分、结构、构造、成岩作用等方面存在明显的非均质性。可压裂性在本质上是泥页岩岩性特征的综合反映,所以泥页岩这些不同方面的岩性特征也就成了影响可压裂性的关键因素。本文通过分析岩石力学和工程力学的相关研究成果,结合实验数据,分析总结了泥页岩岩性因素对可压裂性的影响机理。认为尽管脆性矿物的含量是定性判断泥页岩可压裂性的重要依据,但长英质矿物作为脆性指标应该建立在中强成岩作用基础上;长英质颗粒或自生矿物晶粒大、形态复杂、分布密集、有序度高,有利于提高泥页岩的可压裂性;层理发育,纹层连续性强则会降低泥页岩的可压裂性;成岩作用强,矿物之间固结紧密,泥页岩的可压裂性也会增强。在泥页岩油气勘探开发过程中,必须注意岩性差异对泥页岩可压裂性的影响。  相似文献   

A note on 10Be‐derived mean erosion rates in catchments with heterogeneous lithology: examples from the western Central Andes          下载免费PDF全文

Sebastien Carretier  Vincent Regard  Riccardo Vassallo  Joseph Martinod  Frederic Christophoul  Eric Gayer  Laurence Audin  Christelle Lagane 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(13):1719-1729

Millennial catchment–mean erosion rates derived from terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are generally based on the assumption that the lithologies of the parent rock each contain the same proportion of quartz. This is not always true for large catchments, in particular at the edge of mountainous plateaus where quartz‐rich basement rocks may adjoin sedimentary or volcano‐sedimentary rocks with low quartz content. The western Central Andes is an example of this type of situation. Different quartz contents may be taken into account by weighting the TCN production rates in the catchment. We recall the underlying theory and show that weighting the TCN production rate may also lead to bias in the case of a spatial correlation between erosion rate and lithology. We illustrate the difference between weighted and unweighted erosion rates for seven catchments (16 samples) in southern Peru and northern Chile and show variations up to a factor of 2 between both approaches. In this dataset, calculated erosion rates considering only granitoid outcrops are better correlated with catchment mean slopes than those obtained without taking into account the geological heterogeneity of the drained watershed. This dataset analysis demonstrates that weighting erosion rates by relative proportions of quartz is necessary to evaluate the uncertainties for calculated catchment–mean erosion rates and may reveal the correlation with geomorphic parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

古龙油田葡萄花油层断层封闭性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张驰  李涛  胡佳  田淼 《地质力学学报》2018,24(3):301-308

古龙油田断层极为发育,断层的封闭性对研究区油气的运聚起着重要的控制作用,研究断层封闭性有利于预测油气成藏的有利部位。从断层类型、几何特征和埋深对研究区断层封闭性开展地质定性分析,重点从断层两盘岩性对置、泥岩涂抹和应力对断层封闭性进行了定量分析,研究典型断层的封闭演化史。结果表明,古龙油田葡萄花油层一级断层和三级断层封闭性较好,二级断层封闭性一般;平面上鼻状构造断层封闭性好于向斜断层封闭性,其中龙南鼻状构造断层封闭性最好。   相似文献   

扬子西北缘碧口块体花岗质岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义     

平先权  郑建平  熊庆  张志海  夏冰 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,44(4):1200

对扬子西北缘碧口块体中白雀寺和大安花岗质岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素研究。结果表明,白雀寺岩体的年龄分2组:(855±6) Ma（n=23）和(917±14) Ma（n=3）。前者ε_Hf(t)为3.8~10.4,一阶段Hf模式年龄为1.00~1.27 Ga;后者ε_Hf(t)为2.0~8.1,一阶段Hf模式年龄为1.14~1.40 Ga。而大安岩体给出了6组不同的年龄：(854±10) Ma（n=3）、(801±7) Ma（n=3）、(702±10) Ma（n=3）、(565±6) Ma（n=1）、(246±7) Ma（n=1）和(207±2) Ma（n=1）。其ε_Hf(t)为-12.6~11.4（t=854 Ma）,一阶段和二阶段Hf模式年龄分别为0.95~1.90 Ga和1.02~2.55 Ga。白雀寺和大安岩体的侵位年龄分别为(855±6) Ma和(854±10) Ma,代表了扬子西北缘碧口块体内的一次重要岩浆事件,前者主体来源于中元古代新生陆壳源区,而后者主要来源于中元古代新生陆壳与晚太古代地壳物质的混合源区。此外,白雀寺岩体中(917±14) Ma的年龄代表新元古代早期的岩浆活动,而大安岩体中年轻的年龄可能记录着岩体后期所经历的复杂热改造事件。  相似文献   

A revised approach to discriminating sediment transport histories in glacigenic sediments in a temperate alpine environment: a case study from Fox Glacier,New Zealand     

Martin S. Brook  Sven Lukas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(8):895-900

Clast shape measurements have developed into a standard method for reconstructing the transport histories of sediments in glacial environments. The majority of studies use the ‘RA‐C₄₀’ covariance approach, with some researchers routinely including clasts of varying lithologies within their samples. The corollary is that variable lithological properties may control clast form and roundness, rather than debris‐transport mechanisms. Despite this, the role of lithology on clast shape in glacial environments has rarely been analysed. Furthermore, some studies have reported difficulties in using the RA‐C₄₀ co‐variance plot in discriminating clasts that have undergone subglacial transport, and clasts that have been modified by fluvial activity. Results from a glacierized valley in a temperate alpine setting indicate that detailed analysis of clast shape where samples are of uniform lithology, although time consuming, is a useful tool in the investigation of deposits in glaciated environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储层初步研究：岩性与孔隙特征分析   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

匡立春  胡文王宣  王绪龙  吴海光  王小林 《高校地质学报》2013,19(3):529-535

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、电子探针观测,结合野外剖面及测井和地震等资料,分析吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油 储层岩性与孔隙特征。结果表明致密储层段由呈韵律互层产出的白云岩类/粉砂岩类与泥岩类构成,一般由3~5 个韵律组成, 具有一定的非均质性。储层岩石类型主要为白云质粉砂岩/粉砂质白云岩、砂屑白云岩以及泥晶白云岩。其中白云质粉砂岩 / 粉砂质白云岩分布最广,为芦草沟组上、下储层段（“甜点”）最主要储集岩,砂屑白云岩只分布于上储层段,泥晶白云岩 以薄的夹层形式分布于上、下储层段。电子探针微区观测表明,储集空间以溶蚀型孔隙为主,孔径大小从几μm 到30 μm, 可分为粒间/ 晶间溶孔、粒内溶孔以及部分裂缝型孔隙,发生溶蚀作用的矿物以钠长石为主,白云石次之。定量分析表明, 白云质粉砂岩/ 粉砂质白云岩主要由钠长石、白云石以及少量钾长石等矿物组成,砂屑白云岩主要由微晶白云石和少量钠长 石等矿物组成,泥晶白云岩主要由微晶白云石和少量石英、钠长石等矿物组成。  相似文献   

鲁西中生代高镁辉石闪长岩中超镁铁质捕虏体成因:氧化态和铂族元素证据   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王建  谢志鹏  许文良  Keiko Hattori 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,42(5):1390-1403

鲁西莱芜晚中生代高镁闪长岩中含丰富的超镁铁质捕虏体,主要为纯橄岩(>80%),少量方辉橄榄岩(<5%)和橄榄辉石岩(<15%)。测定了代表性捕虏体的亲铁、亲铜元素含量,根据其矿物化学成分计算了捕虏体的氧化-还原状态。方辉橄榄岩遭受了不同程度富Si熔体的交代,全岩富含Cr、Co、Ni和IPGE,高IPGE/PPGE值,是地幔深度部分熔融的残留。纯橄岩由铬铁矿和高Mg橄榄石组成,全岩富含Cr、Co、Ni,贫IPGE,低IPGE/PPGE值,可能为一种镁铁质熔体的堆晶岩。纯橄岩中橄榄石成分表现出一定的变化范围,局部镁橄榄石（Fo）成分高达94,可能是堆晶中橄榄石与足够的铬铁矿反应的结果,原始熔体可能为玻镁安山质岩浆。方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩都显示高f_O2值,FMQ+1.4~+2.4,与研究区早古生代相对还原的陆下岩石圈地幔(f_O2低于C-CO₂缓冲反应)形成鲜明对比。数据表明,中生代扬子大陆和华北克拉通碰撞之前,特提斯大洋板块和扬子大陆边缘相继俯冲到华北克拉通东缘之下,导致当时岩石圈地幔的f_O2陡升。  相似文献   

航磁梯度数据在磁性地质体边界判断方面的研究     

郭华  贾伟洁  王平  谢汝宽 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,45(1):273-281

完全国产化的航磁全轴梯度勘查系统已开展了测量工作, 并获得了比较理想的梯度数据, 但是如何利用梯度数据进行磁性地质体边界圈定还处于研究阶段。笔者先给出了航磁全轴梯度测量原理;然后着重从利用梯度数据尤其是垂向梯度数据进行岩体边界圈定等方面进行了讨论研究, 认为航磁梯度数据相比于总场数据在地质体边界判断方面可提供更加丰富的地球物理信息;接着提出了梯度数据需要在判断磁性地质体边界上进行化极处理, 并根据垂向梯度数据零值线确定地质体边界的原则, 圈定磁性地质体的边界位置。与实际地质情况的对比表明, 利用梯度数据圈定磁性地质体边界的应用效果比利用总场数据的效果明显。  相似文献