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41.
On the similarity in atmospheric fluctuations of carbon dioxide,water vapor and temperature over vegetated fields 总被引:6,自引:5,他引:6
Eiji Ohtaki 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1985,32(1):25-37
This paper describes the similarity between atmospheric fluctuations of carbon dioxide, water vapor and temperature using data which cover a wide range of instability (0.02 < < 10). The is the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter including the humidity effect.The spectral analysis shows that the coherency between fluctuations of carbon dioxide and water vapor or temperature is very close to unity, and the phase difference is basically out of phase for whole frequency ranges analyzed. The stability dependence of the normalized standard deviation of carbon dioxide is very similar to those of water vapor and temperature. The normalized standard deviation is about 2.5 under near neutral conditions, and it decreases with increasing instability following the -1/3; power law as (-)-1/3. The skewness factors of carbon dioxide, water vapor and temperature show a systematic departure with increasing instabilities for 0.02 < s- < 1, and level off at high instabilities for 1 < -\s < 10. The stability dependence of the flatness factors is not so clear as that noted in the standrard deviation and skewness factors. Dissipation rates of carbon dioxide, water vapor and temperature variance are well related to the spectral peak wavelength. This seems to be real since the local production and local dissipation rates are the main terms, almost balancing one another in the variance budget equations for scalar entities. 相似文献
42.
发泡颗粒混合轻量土及其原位力学性质 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
发泡颗粒混合轻量土是轻量土中的一种,根据需要,可以通过调整发泡颗粒和土的比例来控制混合土的物理、力学性质。本文介绍了发泡颗粒混合轻量土在高速公路桥梁上的另一应用新技术。为了尽量减小隧道开挖的弃碴对桥墩产生的不利影响,在桥墩周围填筑发泡颗粒混合轻量土,以保持原设计桥梁的结构、强度和变形性能。原位试验结果表明,发泡颗粒混合轻量土易于变形,且可极大地减小土的静止土压力,因而可以减小隧道弃碴对桥墩的影响。它作为缓冲材料的应用是成功的,其效果明显。 相似文献
43.
Daisuke Yamazaki Eiji Ito Yoshinori Tange Takashi Yoshino Shuangmeng Zhai Hiroshi Fukui Anton Shatskiy Tomoo Katsura Ken-ichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(4):269-273
In situ X-ray observations of the phase transition from ilmenite to perovskite structure in MnGeO3 were carried out in a Kawai-type high-pressure apparatus interfaced with synchrotron radiation. The phase boundary between
the ilmenite and perovskite structures in the temperature range of 700–1,400°C was determined to be P (GPa) = 16.5(±0.6) − 0.0034(±0.0006)T (°C) based on Anderson’s gold pressure scale. The Clapeyron slope, dP/dT, determined in this study is consistent with that for the transition boundary between the ilmenite and the perovskite structure
in MgSiO3. 相似文献
44.
To obtain the profile of excess 210Pb in sediment column, it is necessary to section the collected core to date. Sectioning thickness is generally not explicit. An approach when sedimentation rate is constant has been suggested by Lu and Matsumoto (Environ Geol 47:804–810, 2005). This paper addresses the case when sedimentation rate is variable. Actually, it is possible to assume that sedimentation rate is constant within the sectioning thickness and based on this concept, a tentative approach for determining reasonable sectioning thickness is proposed. 相似文献
45.
Takuya Matsuda Makoto Makita Hidekazu Fujiwara Takizo Nagae Kei Haraguchi Eiji Hayashi H.M.J. Boffin 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2000,274(1-2):259-273
The history of hydrodynamic numerical simulations for accretion disks in close binary systems is reviewed, in which emphasis
is placed, in particular, on the facts that spiral shock waves were numerically found in 1986 by researchers including one
of the present authors and that spiral structure was discovered in IP Pegasi in 1997 by Steeghs et al. The results of our two and three-dimensional numerical simulations in recent years are then summarized, with comparison being
made with observations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
46.
Yuki Shibazaki Eiji Ohtani Hidenori Terasaki Ryuji Tateyama Tatsuya Sakamaki Taku Tsuchiya Ken-ichi Funakoshi 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2011,301(1-2):153-158
We have carried out in situ X-ray diffraction experiments on the FeS–H system up to 16.5 GPa and 1723 K using a Kawai-type multianvil high-pressure apparatus employing synchrotron X-ray radiation. Hydrogen was supplied to FeS from the thermal decomposition of LiAlH4, and FeSHx was formed at high pressures and temperatures. The melting temperature and phase relationships of FeSHx were determined based on in situ powder X-ray diffraction data. The melting temperature of FeSHx was reduced by 150–250 K comparing with that of pure FeS. The hydrogen concentration in FeSHx was determined to be x = 0.2–0.4 just before melting occurred between 3.0 and 16.5 GPa. It is considered that sulfur is the major light element in the core of Ganymede, one of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. Although the interior of Ganymede is differentiated today, the silicate rock and the iron alloy mixed with H2O, and the iron alloy could react with H2O (as ice or water) or the hydrous silicate before the differentiation occurred in an early period, resulting in a formation of iron hydride. Therefore, Ganymede's core may be composed of an Fe–S–H system. According to our results, hydrogen dissolved in Ganymede's core lowers the melting temperature of the core composition, and so today, the core could have solid FeSHx inner core and liquid FeHx–FeSHx outer core and the present core temperature is considered to be relatively low. 相似文献
47.
The tried and tested multianvil apparatus has been widely used for high-pressure and high-temperature experimental studies in Earth science. As a result, many important results have been obtained for a better understanding of the components, structure and evolution of the Earth. Due to the strength limitation of materials, the attainable multianvil pressure is generally limited to about 30 GPa (corresponding to about 900 km of the depth in the Earth) when tungsten carbide cubes are adopted as second-stage anvils. Compared with tungsten carbide, the sintered diamond is a much harder material. The sintered diamond cubes were introduced as second-stage anvils in a 6–8 type multianvil apparatus in the 1980s, which largely enhanced the capacity of pressure generation in a large volume press. With the development of material synthesis and processing techniques, a large sintered diamond cube (14 mm) is now available. Recently, maximum attainable pressures reaching higher than 90 GPa (corresponding to about 2700 km of the depth in the Earth) have been generated at room temperature by adopting 14-mm sintered diamond anvils. Using this technique, a few researches have been carried out by the quenched method or combined with synchrotron radiation in situ observation. In this paper we review the properties of sintered diamond and the evolution of pressure generation using sintered diamond anvils. As-yet unsolved problems and perspectives for uses in Earth Science are also discussed. 相似文献
48.
Konstantin D. Litasov Eiji Ohtani Akio Suzuki Kenichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):159-167
High-pressure in situ X-ray diffraction experiment of Fe- and Al-bearing phase D (Mg0.89Fe0.14Al0.25Si1.56H2.93O6) has been carried out to 30.5 GPa at room temperature using multianvil apparatus. Fitting a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state to the P–V data yields values of V 0 = 86.10 ± 0.05 Å3; K 0 = 136.5 ± 3.3 GPa and K′ = 6.32 ± 0.30. If K′ is fixed at 4.0 K 0 = 157.0 ± 0.7 GPa, which is 6% smaller than Fe–Al free phase D reported previously. Analysis of axial compressibilities reveals that the c-axis is almost twice as compressible (K c = 93.6 ± 1.1 GPa) as the a-axis (K a = 173.8 ± 2.2 GPa). Above 25 GPa the c/a ratio becomes pressure independent. No compressibility anomalies related to the structural transitions of H-atoms were observed in the pressure range to 30 GPa. The density reduction of hydrated subducting slab would be significant if the modal amount of phase D exceeds 10%. 相似文献
49.
Igor?S.?SharyginEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Anton?Shatskiy Konstantin?D.?Litasov Alexander?V.?Golovin Eiji?Ohtani Nikolay?P.?Pokhilenko 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2018,173(3):22
We performed an experimental study, designed to reproduce the formation of an unusual merwinite?+?olivine-bearing mantle assemblage recently described as a part of a Ca-rich suite of inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds, through the interaction of peridotite with an alkali-rich Ca-carbonatite melt, derived from deeply subducted oceanic crust. In the first set of experiments, we studied the reaction between powdered Mg-silicates, olivine and orthopyroxene, and a model Ca-carbonate melt (molar Na:K:Ca?=?1:1:2), in a homogeneous mixture, at 3.1 and 6.5 GPa. In these equilibration experiments, we observed the formation of a merwinite?+?olivine-bearing assemblage at 3.1 GPa and 1200 °C and at 6.5 GPa and 1300–1400 °C. The melts coexisting with this assemblage have a low Si and high Ca content (Ca#?=?molar 100?×?Ca/(Ca?+?Mg)?>?0.57). In the second set of experiments, we investigated reaction rims produced by interaction of the same Ca-carbonate melt (molar Na:K:Ca?=?1:1:2) with Mg-silicate, olivine and orthopyroxene, single crystals at 3.1 GPa and 1300 °C and at 6.5 GPa and 1400 °C. The interaction of the Ca-carbonate melt with olivine leads to merwinite formation through the expected reaction: 2Mg2SiO4 (olivine)?+?6CaCO3 (liquid)?=?Ca3MgSi2O8 (merwinite)?+?3CaMg(CO3)2 (liquid). Thus, our experiments confirm the idea that merwinite in the upper mantle may originate via interaction of peridotite with Ca-rich carbonatite melt, and that diamonds hosting merwinite may have a metasomatic origin. It is remarkable that the interaction of the Ca-carbonate melt with orthopyroxene crystals does not produce merwinite both at 3.1 and 6.5 GPa. This indicates that olivine grain boundaries are preferable for merwinite formation in the upper mantle. 相似文献
50.
Sujoy?GhoshEmail author Konstantin?Litasov Eiji?Ohtani 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,167(2):964
We determined the melting phase relations, melt compositions, and melting reactions of carbonated peridotite on two carbonate-bearing peridotite compositions (ACP: alkali-rich peridotite + 5.0 wt % CO2 and PERC: fertile peridotite + 2.5 wt % CO2) at 10–20 GPa and 1,500–2,100 °C and constrain isopleths of the CO2 contents in the silicate melts in the deep mantle. At 10–20 GPa, near-solidus (ACP: 1,400–1,630 °C) carbonatitic melts with < 10 wt % SiO2 and > 40 wt % CO2 gradually change to carbonated silicate melts with > 25 wt % SiO2 and < 25 wt % CO2 between 1,480 and 1,670 °C in the presence of residual majorite garnet, olivine/wadsleyite, and clinoenstatite/clinopyroxene. With increasing degrees of melting, the melt composition changes to an alkali- and CO2-rich silicate melt (Mg# = 83.7–91.6; ~ 26–36 wt % MgO; ~ 24–43 wt % SiO2; ~ 4–13 wt % CaO; ~ 0.6–3.1 wt % Na2O; and ~ 0.5–3.2 wt % K2O; ~ 6.4–38.4 wt % CO2). The temperature of the first appearance of CO2-rich silicate melt at 10–20 GPa is ~ 440–470 °C lower than the solidus of volatile-free peridotite. Garnet + wadsleyite + clinoenstatite + carbonatitic melt controls initial carbonated silicate melting at a pressure < 15 GPa, whereas garnet + wadsleyite/ringwoodite + carbonatitic melt dominates at pressure > 15 GPa. Similar to hydrous peridotite, majorite garnet is a liquidus phase in carbonated peridotites (ACP and PERC) at 10–20 GPa. The liquidus is likely to be at ~ 2,050 °C or higher at pressures of the present study, which gives a melting interval of more than 670 °C in carbonated peridotite systems. Alkali-rich carbonated silicate melts may thus be produced through partial melting of carbonated peridotite to 20 GPa at near mantle adiabat or even at plume temperature. These alkali- and CO2-rich silicate melts can percolate upward and may react with volatile-rich materials accumulate at the top of transition zone near 410-km depth. If these refertilized domains migrate upward and convect out of the zone of metal saturation, CO2 and H2O flux melting can take place and kimberlite parental magmas can be generated. These mechanisms might be important for mantle dynamics and are potentially effective metasomatic processes in the deep mantle. 相似文献