Geotechnical aspects of earthquake‐induced settlement of clay layer     

Hiroshi Matsuda  Sukeo O‐Hara 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):179-206

Abstract

It has been observed that earthquake‐induced settlement depends on the excess pore water pressure accumulated during an earthquake. In particular, in the case where a clay layer is overconsolidated, excess pore water pressure is produced and settlement occurs by dissipation of the excess pore water pressure, which is very large in comparison with the coefficient of secondary compression. Therefore, if the settlement of clay ground induced by secondary compression becomes a serious problem, careful consideration of the earthquake‐induced settlement is needed. In this article, the settlement characteristics of a clay layer induced by cyclic shear are discussed, including the effects of loading period, the threshold shear strain below which no excess pore pressure or no settlement takes place, and the relationships between uniform shear strain cycles and irregular strain‐time histories. Then a calculation procedure for estimating the earthquake‐induced settlement is developed and applied to three soil profile cases, including the clay layers in Mexico City and Osaka Bay in Japan. In the case of a soil profile in Mexico City, settlements of about 0–3 cm are estimated and these values agree reasonably with the leveling results for the Mexico City earthquake of 1985. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the settlement induced by earthquakes is considerably affected by differences in the accelerograms.  相似文献   

Sealevel history recorded in the Pleistocene carbonate sequence in IODP Hole 310‐M0005D,off Tahiti     

Yasufumi Iryu  Yasunari Takahashi  Kazuhiko Fujita  Gilbert Camoin  Guy Cabioch  Hiroki Matsuda  Tokiyuki Sato  Kaoru Sugihara  Jody M. Webster  Hildegard Westphal 《Island Arc》2010,19(4):690-706

Material cored during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 310 ‘Tahiti Sea Level’ revealed that the fossil reef systems around Tahiti are composed of two major stratigraphic sequences: (i) a last deglacial sequence; and (ii) an older Pleistocene sequence. The older Pleistocene carbonate sequence is composed of reef deposits associated with volcaniclastic sediments and was preserved in Hole 310‐M0005D drilled off Maraa. Within an approximately 70‐m‐thick older Pleistocene sequence (33.22–101.93 m below seafloor; 92.85–161.56 m below present sealevel) in this hole, 11 depositional units are defined by lithological changes, sedimentological features, and paleontological characteristics and are numbered sequentially from the top of the hole downward (Subunits P1–P11). Paleowater depths inferred from nongeniculate coralline algae, combined with those determined by using corals and larger foraminifers, suggest two major sealevel rises during the deposition of the older Pleistocene sequence. Of these, the second sealevel rise is associated with an intervening sealevel drop. It is likely that the second sealevel rise corresponds to that during Termination II (TII, the penultimate deglaciation, from Marine Isotope Stages 6 to 5e). Therefore, the intervening sealevel drop can be correlated with that known as the ‘sealevel reversal’ during TII. Because there are limited data on the Pleistocene reef systems in the tropical South Pacific Ocean, this study provides important information about Pleistocene sealevel history, the evolution of coral reef ecosystems, and the responses of coral reefs to Quaternary climate changes.  相似文献   

Verification of predicted non-linear site response during the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake     

M. Kawano  K. Asano  H. Dohi  S. Matsuda 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,20(5-8):493-507

The linear and non-linear responses of surface soil layers have been predicted through the simultaneous simulation test against the observed ground motions at the six sites in Kobe City during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. The total stress analysis method and the effective stress analysis method have been applied for the rough and detailed verification of the predicted non-linear dynamic behavior at the PIS and RKI sites including the liquefaction phenomenon. The shear strain distribution along depth, the ratio of excess pore water pressure to initial effective stress, the liquefaction strength parameters to initial effective stress, and the stress–strain curve during the earthquake at the PIS site have been investigated when the predicted ground motion could simulate successfully the observed acceleration time histories and response spectra in the non-linear range.  相似文献   

Origin of tektites: Constraints from heavy noble gas concentrations     

Jun-ichi Matsuda  Kayo Matsubara  Christian Koeberl 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1993,28(4):586-589

Abstract— Heavy noble gas concentrations in tektites (splash-form type) are considerably lower than those in impact glasses. This can not be explained only by high formation temperatures for tektites, as might be expected from low concentrations of water and most volatile elements in tektites, and indicates that tektites solidified in an atmosphere with an ambient pressure of much less than 1 atm. The heavy noble gas concentrations may be an indicator of the height to which tektites were carried by the impact before they solidified.  相似文献   

Correlating biostratigraphy and palaeoceanographic changes during late Quaternary at cold seeps with gas hydrate‐free areas of the Japan Sea using foraminifera paleoecology          下载免费PDF全文

Mahsa Saeidi Ortakand  Shiro Hasegawa  Ryo Matsumoto  Hiroki Matsuda 《Island Arc》2016,25(1):55-71

Late Quaternary foraminifera assemblages have been examined in two sediment cores (MD179‐3296 and MD179‐3317) from cold seep areas in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea, off Joetsu, Niigata Prefecture. Foraminifera assemblages in core MD179‐3296, which was located at the center of a pockmark on the Umitake Spur, show no evidence of methane flux and, especially in its upper portion, share the same paleo‐environmental history as other free gas hydrate areas of the Japan Sea. In comparison, in the core MD179‐3317 at the center of a pockmark at Joetsu Knoll, foraminiferal distributions were strongly affected by methane activities and, in the main part of the core, were deposited under local conditions. Three horizons were identified in this core, which are characterized by the high abundance value of Thalmannammina parkerae and might be related to methane flux due to sea level fall especially through late marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 and MIS 2.  相似文献   

Distribution of fault rocks in the fracture zone of the Nojima Fault at a depth of 1140 m: Observations from the Hirabayashi NIED drill core     

Kenta Kobayashi  Satoshi Hirano  Takashi Arai  Ryuji Ikeda  Kentaro Omura  Hiroyuki Sano  Takashi Sawaguchi  Hidemi Tanaka  Tomoaki Tomita  Naoto Tomida  Tatsuo Matsuda  Akiko Yamazaki 《Island Arc》2001,10(3-4):411-421

Abstract Characteristics of deformation and alteration of the 1140 m deep fracture zone of the Nojima Fault are described based on mesoscopic (to the naked eye) and microscopic (by both optical and scanning electron microscopes) observations of the Hirabayashi National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) drill core. Three types of fault rocks; that is, fault breccia, fault gouge and cataclasite, appear in the central part of the fault zone and two types of weakly deformed and/or altered rocks; that is, weakly deformed and altered granodiorite and altered granodiorite, are located in the outside of the central part of the fault zone (damaged zone). Cataclasite appears occasionally in the damaged zone. Six distinct, thin foliated fault gouge zones, which dip to the south-east, appear clearly in the very central part of the fracture zone. Slickenlines plunging to the north-east are observed on the surface of the newest gouge. Based on the observations of XZ thin sections, these slickenlines and the newest gouge have the same kinematics as the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe earthquake), which was dextral-reverse slip. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the freeze-dried fault gouge show that a large amount of void space is maintained locally, which might play an important role as a path for fluid migration and the existence of either heterogeneity of pore fluid pressure or strain localization.  相似文献   

Examination of mineral assemblage and chemical composition in the fracture zone of the Nojima Fault at a depth of 1140 m: Analyses of the Hirabayashi NIED drill cores     

Tatsuo Matsuda  Takashi Arai  Ryuji Ikeda  Kentaro Omura  Kenta Kobayashi  Hiroyuki Sano  Takashi Sawaguchi  Hidemi Tanaka  Tomoaki Tomita  Naoto Tomida  Satoshi Hirano  Akiko Ymazaki 《Island Arc》2001,10(3-4):422-429

  相似文献   

Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments—III. Changes in fatty acid composition in the sediments from a brackish water lake     

Hiromi Matsuda 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1978,42(7):1027-1034

A 3-m sediment core taken from Lake Suigetsu, in which a shift from fresh to brackish water occurred about three hundred years ago, has been examined for variation with depth of organic carbon and fatty acids. From the difference in total amounts of sulphur between sediments under fresh and brackish water environments, the surface sediments above approximately 35 cm depth were deduced to be accumulated under a brackish water environment. The total contents of organic carbon and fatty acids, and percentage composition of fatty acids gave discontinuous profiles above and below the 35–40 cm sediment layer. At a depth of 12.5 cm, the distribution in chain length of the fatty acids changed from a unimodal (the predominance of C₁₂-C₁₈ over C₂₀-C₃₄) to a bimodal pattern, which was mirrored by the composition diversity index (CDI).Although the fatty acids in the surface sediments (0–40 cm) from Lake Suigetsu seemed to suffer milder degradation through microbial activity than those in a core (0–150 cm) from Lake Suwa, a freshwater eutrophic lake, both lacustrine sediments showed similar trends in the alteration of fatty acid composition with depth.  相似文献   

Recent formations and their basal topography in and around Tokyo Bay,central Japan     

Sohei Kaizuka  Yo Naruse  Iware Matsuda 《Quaternary Research》1977,8(1):32-50

This paper summarizes the subsurface geology of the recent (both $\text{Holocene}$ and latest $\text{Pleistocene}$ formations and the buried topography beneath them in and around Tokyo Bay, the type area of the late Quaternary in Japan. Buried abrasion platforms in the buried topography are classified into upper (ca. 0 to ?10 m high) and lower (ca. ?20 to ?40 m) platforms; upper and lower buried river terraces are also distinguished, and are correlated to the subaerial late Pleistocene terraces of Tc₁ and Tc₂, respectively. A buried valley system is elucidated, of which the trunk valley floor reaches ?70 m in Tokyo and emerges into a flat surface at the shelf edge in the entrance to Tokyo Bay. Approximate dates for these geomorphic surfaces are given. The height of sea level contemporaneous with the buried valley floor (ca. 20,000–15,000 yr BP) is estimated at about ?135 m. The recent formations are divided into two members, upper and lower, by a middle sand bed, in addition to the lowest buried valley floor gravel. The lower member, which is composed of brackish to marine deposits of complicated lithofacies, was accumulated in narrow drowned valleys during the early stage of the Yurakucho (Flandrian) transgression. The middle sand bed is the foreset bed of deltas, which was formed during a slight regression between ca. 11,000 and 10,000 yr BP. The upper member, which consists mainly of widespread homogeneous marine clay and deltaic sand, was accumulated in a wide bay and its embayments during the late stage of the Yurakucho transgression and the following stage of a relatively stable sea level.  相似文献   

The structure of cool accretion disks in semidetached binaries     

D. V. Bisikalo  A. A. Boyarchuk  P. V. Kaigorodov  O. A. Kuznetsov  T. Matsuda 《Astronomy Reports》2004,48(6):449-456

We present a qualitative analysis of possible changes in the structure of accretion disks that occur in the transition from hot to cool disks. We suggest that an additional spiral-density wave can exist in the inner parts of the disk, where gas-dynamical perturbations are negligible. We consider the formation of this wave and its parameters. The results of a three-dimensional gas-dynamical simulation of a cool accretion disk are presented; these results confirm the possibility of the formation of a new, “precessional,” spiral wave in the inner regions of a cool accretion disk. Possible observational manifestations of such a wave are discussed.  相似文献