Aircraft Measurements of the Microphysical Properties of Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convection     

Tuanjie HOU  Hengchi LEI  Youjiang HE  Jiefan YANG  Zhen ZHAO  Zhaoxia HU 《大气科学进展》2021,38(6):966-982

The presence of embedded convection in stratiform clouds strongly affects ice microphysical properties and precipitation formation. In situ aircraft measurements, including upward and downward spirals and horizontal penetrations, were performed within both embedded convective cells and stratiform regions of a mixedphase stratiform cloud system on 22 May 2017. Supercooled liquid water measurements, particle size distributions, and particle habits in different cloud regions were discussed with the intent of characterizing the riming process and determining how particle size distributions vary from convective to stratiform regions. Significant amounts of supercooled liquid water, with maxima up to 0.6 g m~(-3), were observed between -3℃ and-6℃ in the embedded convective cells while the peak liquid water content was generally less than 0.1 g m~(-3) in the stratiform regions.There are two distinct differences in particle size distributions between convective and stratiform regions.One difference is the significant shift toward larger particles from upper -15℃ to lower -10℃ in the convective region, with the maximum particle dimensions increasing from less than 6000 μm to over 1 cm. The particles larger than 1 cm at -10℃ are composed of dendrites and their aggregates. The other difference is the large concentrations of small particles(25–205 μm) at temperatures between -3℃ and-5℃ in the convective region, where rimed ice particles and needles coexist. Needle regions are observed from three of the five spirals, but only the cloud conditions within the convective region fit into the Hallett-Mossop criteria.  相似文献   

Ecological water demand of natural vegetation in the lower Tarim River     

YE Zhaoxia  CHEN Yaning  LI Weihong 《地理学报》2010,20(2):261-272

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture, groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China, by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots. It is noted that groundwater depth, soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related. It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas. Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth, the total ecological water demand (EWD) of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108 m3 in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Analyzing the monthly EWD, we found that the EWD in the growth season (from April to September) is 81% of the year’s total EWD. The EWD in May, June and July was 47% of the year’s total EWD, which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water. This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.  相似文献   

基于多重测点数目标函数族的结构损伤识别方法     

张立涛  李兆霞  费庆国 《地震工程与工程振动》2008,28(6)

基于加速度时域测试数据进行结构损伤识别计算时,所用测试数据的点数必须足够多才能够使识别有效,但往往又容易出现收敛到局部极小解的情况。为解决这一问题,本文提出了基于多重测点数目标函数族的结构损伤识别方法;所谓多重测点数目标函数族,即由不同点数的测试数据出发构造一族目标函数,以取代传统的基于单一点数的目标函数;迭代计算时采用了：Tikhonov正则化技术以抑制解答的病态性。以Benchmark结构为算例,分析了两种基于单一点数的损伤识别计算难以收敛到正确解答的原因;并考证了文中提出的方法。计算结果表明：基于多重测点数目标函数族的结构损伤识别方法,使得识别计算易于收敛到正确解答;从而证明了本文提出的方法是有效的。  相似文献   

Strength anisotropy of granular material consisting of perfectly round particles          下载免费PDF全文

Rui Wang  Pengcheng Fu  Zhaoxia Tong  Jian‐Min Zhang  Yannis F. Dafalias 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(17):1758-1778

The strength anisotropy of granular materials deposited under gravity has mostly been attributed to elongated particles' tendency to align long axes along the bedding plane direction. However, recent experiments on near‐spherical glass beads, for which preferred particle alignment is inapplicable, have exhibited surprisingly strong strength anisotropy. This study tests the hypothesis that certain amount of fabric anisotropy caused by the anisotropic stress during deposition under gravity can be locked in a circular‐particle deposit. Such locked‐in fabric anisotropy can withstand isotropic consolidation and leads to significant strength anisotropy. 2D discrete element method simulations of direct shear tests on circular‐particle deposits are conducted in this study, allowing for the monitoring of both stress and fabric. Simulations on both monodispersed and polydispersed circular‐particle samples generated under downward gravitational acceleration exhibit clear anisotropy in shear strength, thereby proving the hypothesis. When using contact normal‐based and void‐based fabric tensors to quantify fabric anisotropy in the material, we find that the intensity of anisotropy is discernible but low prior to shearing and is dependent on the consolidation process and the dispersity of the sample. The fact that samples with very low anisotropy intensity measurements still exhibit fairly strong strength anisotropy suggests that current typical contact normal‐based and void‐based second‐order fabric tensor formulations may not be very effective in reflecting the anisotropic peak shear strength of granular materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

三国创基立业的地理阐释     

王丽  蒋昭侠 《云南地理环境研究》1998,10(2):91-96

地理环境是历史发展的空间,军事活动的“舞台”,是人类生存与发展不可脱离的物质基础。自古以来,人类在地理环境这个舞台上演出了一幕幕惊天动地、可歌可泣的史剧。战争总是在一定地域上进行的,地理环境对于政治、军事力量的抗衡以及作战规模与方式等有着深刻的影响与制约作用。纵观历史,历代区域政治、军事力量间的抗衡多有一定的地理背景与自然基础。而魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立也概莫能外。剖析魏蜀吴创基立国的地理背景,自然基础以及政治、军事活动与地理环境的关系无疑是有意义的  相似文献   

三峡区域资源开发及产业发展初探   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

蒋昭侠 《地域研究与开发》1998,17(4):49-52

资源是区域经济发展的基础,资源结构状况在很大程度上影响着一个区域能否建立起比较合理的产业结构,文章在分析三峡区域资源结构特征及三峡工程对三峡区域经济牵动作用的基础上,提出了区域产业发展的运作建议。  相似文献   

Structural damage identification based on a set of objective functions with multi-number of measured data     

ZHANG Litao  LI Zhaoxia  FEI Qingguo 《地震工程与工程振动》2008,28(6)

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Linking soil thickness and plot‐scale hydrological processes on the sloping lands in the Three Gorges Area of China: a hydropedological approach     

Zhiyong Fu  Zhaoxia Li  Chongfa Cai  Ying Zhao  Zhihua Shi  Qinxue Xu  Xiaoyan Wang 《水文研究》2012,26(15):2248-2263

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Discrete element method analysis of non‐coaxial flow under rotational shear     

Zhaoxia Tong  Pengcheng Fu  Yannis F. Dafalias  Yangping Yao 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2014,38(14):1519-1540

This study focuses on non‐coaxial flow behavior of cohesionless soil undergoing cyclic rotational shear, with a special interest in the effects of particle‐scale characteristics. To this end, we perform a series of 2D discrete element simulations with various particle shapes, inter‐particle coefficient of friction, initial density, and stress ratios. The validity and efficacy of the numerical model is established by systematically comparing numerical simulation results with existing laboratory testing results. Such comparison shows that the numerical simulations are capable of capturing mechanical behavior observed in laboratory testing under rotational shear. We further demonstrate and quantify a strong yet simple relationship between the deviatoric part of the normalized strain increment and the non‐coaxial angle, denoted by and ψ, respectively. This quantitative correlation between ψ and is independent of applied stress ratio, initial and current void ratio, and the number of cycles applied, but dependent on the principal stress orientation and particle‐scale characteristics. At the same , specimens with higher inter‐particle friction angle or smaller particle aspect ratio show greater non‐coaxial angles. A simple model is able to fit this ψ‐ relationship well, which provides a useful relationship that can be exploited in developing constitutive models for rotational shearing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

植被措施与路面汇水对三峡库区土质道路边坡侵蚀影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

刘窑军  王天巍  蔡崇法  李朝霞 《水科学进展》2014,25(1):98-105

研究土质道路边坡在自然恢复、草本、草灌结合及植生带等4种不同植被恢复模式下的降雨侵蚀特征,同时将模拟降雨试验和冲刷试验相结合,研究路面汇水的介入对路堤边坡侵蚀的影响。研究结果表明,在模拟降雨试验下,草灌结合控制路堑边坡侵蚀效果最佳,产流量和产沙量显著低于其他植被模式;草本和草灌结合在路堤边坡降雨和冲刷下,都有显著的截流拦沙能力,且两种措施防护效果相当;路面来水的介入对路堤边坡侵蚀有显著促进作用,加速产流,增加产流量和产沙量。山区道路侵蚀的治理,不但要因地制宜地选择适宜的防护措施,更应该对路面产流和路面汇流进行科学合理的规划,减少其对路面及路堤的冲刷侵蚀。  相似文献