凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)体重、存活性状的遗传参数和基因型与环境互作效应   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

栾生  罗坤  阮晓红  曹宝祥  王浩  杜学芳  张凯  孔杰 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(2):445-452

利用7个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计构建家系,建立育种基础群体,估计体重、存活性状的遗传参数和基因型与环境互作效应(genotype by environment interactions,G×E)。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾基础群体体重和存活性状的遗传力估计值范围分别在(0.19±0.09)—(0.43±0.09),(0.27±0.04)—(0.45±0.06),均属于中高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P<0.05)。Z-score检验表明,体重和存活性状遗传力估计值在河北黄骅(HBHH)和青岛鳌山(QBAS)两个测试场间差异均不显著。体重和存活性状的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.007和0.008,表现为低度线性负相关。对于体重和存活性状,HBHH和QBAS场间的遗传相关分别为0.83±0.04和0.40±0.11。体重性状的G×E效应不显著(K<0.5),但存活性状存在显著的G×E效应(K>0.5)。上述结果显示,凡纳滨对虾基础群体体重和存活性状的遗传变异丰富,多代选择可获得较大的遗传进展。  相似文献   

The effect of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on pathogenic free‐living amoebae (PFLA) in simulated natural conditions: The presence of bacteria and organic matter     

Mark W. Dawson  Tim. J. Brown 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):117-123

Bacteria and bovine faecal matter were introduced into cultures of pathogenic free‐living amoebae, with chlorine or chlorine dioxide. The bacteria and faeces were to simulate natural conditions for a more exacting test of disinfectant demand when compared to axenic conditions. Both chlorine and chlorine dioxide were effective disinfectants under all conditions tested. Axenically and monoxenically cultured amoebae were used, the latter exerted a greater disinfectant demand.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the "time factor" and "light factor" methods for estimating daily phytoplankton production at the sea surface     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):139-143

Daily phytoplankton production was estimated at the sea surface in the southern Benguela Current during January, March, April and October 1978 by different methods of calculation. Actual daily production (P_{24 meas}) was obtained from a series of short-term (3—4 h) incubations spanning 24 hours. Daily production was also extrapolated from single measurements during daylight by the "time factor" and "light factor" methods of calculation. These estimates (P_{24 calc}) vary considerably from P_{24 meas}, but on average they underestimate daily production. Estimates by the "light factor" method are generally lower and more variable than those from the "time factor" method. Differences in amplitude and timing of fluctuations in the rate of net production during daylight make it impossible to calculate reliable factors for correcting diel variations in photosynthesis when estimating daily production from short-term measurements. It is suggested that the effects of diel variation in production are likely to be less significant in the euphotic zone as a whole than at the sea surface alone.  相似文献   

温度、盐度对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼存活及生长的影响     

薛美岩  张静  杜荣斌  赵学政  江声海  姜海滨 《海洋湖沼通报》2012,(1):63-67

在工厂化条件下,通过控制养殖用水的不同温度、盐度,对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的存活及生长情况进行观测研究。结果表明:平均全长(42.66±5.23)mm的幼鱼存活的适宜温度为21～30℃,高于30℃时会引起大量死亡;体长和体质量生长的最适温度为21～24℃,高于24℃则生长速度减慢。幼鱼存活的适宜盐度为10～45,体长和体质量生长的最适盐度为25～35,超出此范围生长速度明显降低。  相似文献   

Seismic reliability assessment of urban water networks          下载免费PDF全文

Michalis Fragiadakis  Symeon E. Christodoulou 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(3):357-374

We present a framework for the seismic risk assessment of water supply networks, operating in either normal or abnormal conditions. We propose a methodology for assessing the reliability of water pipe networks combining data of past non‐seismic damage and the vulnerability of the network components against seismic loading. Historical data are obtained using records of damages that occur on a daily basis throughout the network and are processed to produce‘survival curves’, depicting their estimated survival rate over time. The fragility of the network components is assessed using the approach suggested in the American Lifelines Alliance guidelines. The network reliability is assessed using graph theory, whereas the system network reliability is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. The methodology proposed is demonstrated both on a simple, small‐scale, network and also on a real‐scale district metered area from the water network of the city of Limassol, Cyprus. The proposed approach allows the estimation of the probability that the network fails to provide the desired level of service and allows the prioritization of retrofit interventions and of capacity‐upgrade actions pertaining to existing water pipe networks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

电刺激诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的相关参数的筛选     

商文聪  赵泊淞  陈亮  孙妍  张玲玲  胡晓丽  包振民 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2012,(10):65-70

电刺激可诱导卵子雌核发育,但在海洋生物中尚无报道。为获得电刺激诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的最佳条件,采用正交设计的方法,分别研究了电场强度、电容、脉冲次数、卵子密度及缓冲液种类对诱导效果的影响。结果表明:(1)不同缓冲液的诱导效果差异不显著(P>0.05),但甘露醇缓冲液的诱导效果优于Zimmerman氏缓冲液和山梨醇缓冲液;最佳卵子密度为11.25×104个/mL,场强的最适范围为1.00～1.75kV/cm。最优电刺激诱导条件组合是:0.30mol/L甘露醇缓冲液,卵子密度11.25×104个/mL,脉冲强度1.20kV/cm,电容3μF,2次电脉冲。(2)应用优化后的电刺激参数诱导雌核发育,获得了最佳的诱导效果,得到的卵裂率为28.16%,胚胎存活率为98.37%。本研究首次成功应用电刺激法诱导了栉孔扇贝的雌核发育,并得到了单倍体胚胎,初步建立了栉孔扇贝中该诱导法的参数体系。  相似文献   

Enhanced resistance of Portunus trituberculatus to Vibrio alginolyticus by selective breeding     

母昌考  刘帅  宋微微  李荣华  王春琳 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2012,30(4):638-643

We established a line (screened) of Portunus trituberculatus by selectively breeding individuals that survived from challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus, and compared the response of screened and unscreened (control) P. trituberculatus challenged with V. alginolyticus. We measured superoxide dismutase, catalase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and peroxidase activity and the content of hemocyanin in the plasma and phenoloxidase activity in serum. The cumulative survival rate after 24-h challenge with V. alginolyticus was significantly higher in the screened crabs than in the unscreened crabs (P<0.05). T-SOD and PO activity were significantly lower in the screened stock than in the unscreened stock (P<0.05). POD, CAT, and ACP activity and hemocyanin content were significantly higher in the screened stock than in the unscreened stock. Our results suggest that the screened stock was more resistant to infection. Furthermore, the indices we measured may be used to evaluate the health state of P. trituberculatus.  相似文献   

土地征收中生态补偿缺失对农民权利的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨永芳  刘玉振  艾少伟 《地理科学进展》2008,27(1):111-117

文章采用资料分析,理论分析的方法,归纳总结了国内外土地征收补偿中都存在着生态补偿缺失的问题, 尤其是中国的征收补偿制度存在明显缺陷,如补偿理论支持不足、补偿范围小、补偿额度低、补偿不到位等。这种制 度缺陷不仅造成了大量的耕地流失,同时也造成了农业生态环境的破坏,直接影响了土地使用权人———农民的相 关利益,如土地被征收导致土地分割,形成不经济的土地规模,造成土地利用效率的损失,降低了相邻土地的生产 力,影响了农民的相邻权;土地又是农民世代生存、繁衍、发展之所在,是农民的基本生活保障和基本生活来源,农 民失去土地就意味着失去了生存和发展的基础,影响了生存权和发展权;土地的资源属性表明,土地征收必然涉及 到土地利用的变化和生态环境因素的改变,涉及到农民的环境权的保障。为此,必须完善土地征收制度,建立有效 的市场化运作手段,通过对农地生态价值的正确评估,公平、合理的补偿失地农民的损失,以实现社会公平、和谐。  相似文献   

盐度对褐毛鲿胚胎发育和早期仔鱼存活率的影响     

陈朴贤 《海洋科学》2012,36(11):24-29

为了探索褐毛鲿(Megalonibea fusca)胚胎孵化和早期仔鱼生长发育最适宜的盐度条件,作者观察了其胚胎在6个盐度(35、30、25、20、15、10)海水中沉浮性、发育、初孵仔鱼分布状态.结果表明:胚胎在盐度35时完全上浮,盐度低于25完全下沉,在盐度30时处于半悬浮状态;不同盐度对胚胎发育有一定影响:在盐度30~15范围内,胚胎发育较快,孵化时间较为一致,在盐度35和10发育变慢,孵化时间延长2.5 h以上;初孵仔鱼在不同盐度海水中呈不同分布状态:在盐度35时完全上浮表层,盐度25~30分布于中下层至中上层,盐度25大部分仔鱼沉底,盐度低于20,初孵仔鱼全部沉底.观察了10个盐度(35、32、29、26、23、20、17、14、11、8)海水中胚胎孵化率和早期仔鱼存活率,结果表明:褐毛鲿胚胎在盐度35~8范围内孵化率达(76±2)%~(98±2)%,在较低盐度26~11区间,孵化率达(88±0)%~(98±2)%,显示低盐区更高的孵化率,而在较高盐度29~35区间,孵化率在(82±2)%~(84±2)%,并且具有明显趋向性,即盐度大于29,随盐度升高孵化率逐渐下降;盐度对早期仔鱼存活率有明显影响:孵化后40 h 正常仔鱼最高存活率在低盐度26~8区,为(89.4±2.2)%~(97.4±0.1)%,盐度大于29,随着盐度上升仔鱼死亡率骤然升高,在盐度29~35,升至(31.7±0.7)%~(38.1±1.5)%,畸形率升至(7.1±0.2)%~(10.7±0.5)%,正常仔鱼存活率下降至(61.0±1.0)%~(61.9±1.5)%.低盐度区仔鱼有更高的存活率.褐毛鲿胚胎最适孵化盐度在29~32,早期仔鱼最适培育盐度为26.  相似文献   

天津沿海菲律宾蛤仔人工育苗技术的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李永仁  邢克智  郭永军  杨永海  于学权 《海洋通报》2012,31(3):320-232

利用自然海水和天然饵料,采用无泥砂采苗方法,在天津沿海首次成功开展了菲律宾蛤仔工厂化育苗。幼虫初始壳长93.8μm,壳长平均日增长8.3μm,成活率41.0%;第15-23 d为变态期,壳长平均日增长12.9μm,变态率47.8%;变态后至第55 d,壳长平均日增长33.2μm,成活率76.0%。本次育苗试验充分利用天津沿海水质条件与环境特点,改进育苗方法,降低生产成本,建立了适于天津海区的菲律宾蛤仔人工育苗工艺,共得到双水管稚贝约1 800万枚。  相似文献