Basin-scale analysis of rainfall and runoff in Peru (1969–2004): Pacific,Titicaca and Amazonas drainages     

Waldo Sven Lavado Casimiro  Josyane Ronchail  David Labat  Jhan Carlo Espinoza  Jean Loup Guyot 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):625-642

Abstract

We present a procedure for estimating Q95 low flows in both gauged and ungauged catchments where Q95 is the flow that is exceeded 95% of the time. For each step of the estimation procedure, a number of alternative methods was tested on the Austrian data set by leave-one-out cross-validation, and the method that performed best was used in the final procedure. To maximise the accuracy of the estimates, we combined relevant sources of information including long streamflow records, short streamflow records, and catchment characteristics, according to data availability. Rather than deriving a single low flow estimate for each catchment, we estimated lower and upper confidence limits to allow local information to be incorporated in a practical application of the procedure. The components of the procedure consist of temporal (climate) adjustments for short records; grouping catchments into eight seasonality-based regions; regional regressions of low flows with catchment characteristics; spatial adjustments for exploiting local streamflow data; and uncertainty assessment. The results are maps of lower and upper confidence limits of low flow discharges for 21 000 sub-catchments in Austria.  相似文献   

Remote sensing of Carhuarazo volcanic complex using ASTER imagery in Southern Peru to detect alteration zones and volcanic structures – a combined approach of image processing in ENVI and ArcGIS/ArcScene     

Melanie Brandmeier 《国际地球制图》2013,28(8):629-648

A combined approach to detect hydrothermal alteration zones and their mineral distribution is proposed for a relatively remote area around the Carhuarazo volcanic complex in southern Peru encompassing 2222 km². In this region, tertiary volcanic structures associated with hydrothermal alteration are well known to host epithermal ore deposits. We make an attempt to detect and to quantify alteration minerals based on spectral analysis using ASTER reflectance data product provided by LP-DAAC. Besides commonly used ratio images, mineral indices (MI) and relative band depth images (RBD), we also extracted endmember spectra using Pixel-Purity-Processing preceded by minimum noise fraction transformation. These spectra are thought to represent the spectrally purest pixel of the image and show the typical absorption features of the main constituents. Based on this assumption, we used different spectral analysis methods in order to extract the most important alteration minerals for such an environment. These minerals were then used for matched filter processing in areas showing high values in MIs and RBDs. Using this method, we detected and mapped argillic alteration and variations in the distribution of important minerals like alunite, kaolinite or nacrite. There were no indications for the presence of propilitization at ASTER spatial resolutions. Our method can be applied easily to any ASTER scene and provides information about the intensity of alteration and the character of alteration zones. The intensity is highest in the centre of the Carhuarazo volcanic complex and is mostly argillic with a high content of alunite, dickite and other clay minerals.  相似文献   

FIRE EFFECTS ON SOIL HETEROGENEITY BENEATH CHAMISE AND REDSHANKS CHAPARRAL     

Susan W. Beatty 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):44-52

The origin of soil heterogeneity found in Adenostoma fasciculatum and A sparsifolium chaparral was investigated in the Santa Monica Mountains, California. Possibilities were that geologic and genetic processes created inherent variability in surface soils, and/or that chaparral vegetation generated this variability. Fourteen soil properties were assessed under 17 pairs of the two shrub species before (1984) and after (1985) a wildfire. Hypotheses were that, although magnitudes of soil properties may change with fire, the inherent soil patterns would remain, while vegetation-influenced patterns might either be accentuated or obliterated. All but one of the 14 soil properties changed after fire, and 8 of these changed in the same direction for both shrub species. Different magnitudes of change, as well as opposite changes in 5 soil properties, led to an elimination of most spatial heterogeneity after fire. Eleven soil properties showed significant pre-burn differences between shrub species, while only 3 did so after fire. Vegetation influence was responsible for the spatial soil heterogeneity in the mature stand of chaparral, apparently developing over one regeneration period of about 40 years. With the obliteration of fine-scale soil differences during each fire cycle, soil heterogeneity cannot play a role in determining vegetation regeneration patterns. The creation of a more uniform substrate after fire, however, may favor sprouting over seeding strategies in postfire succession. [Key words: chaparral, fire ecology, soil properties, California.]  相似文献   

2007 August 15 magnitude 7.9 earthquake near the coast of Central Peru: analysis and field mission report     

Fabio Taucer  John E. Alarcon  Emily So 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2009,7(1):1-70

A field reconnaissance mission was led to the areas affected by the disaster caused by the Magnitude 7.9 earthquake event of 15/08/2007 near the city of Pisco in Peru. The main objectives of the mission were to collect data and make observations leading to improvements in design methods and techniques for strengthening and retrofit, and to assist the phase of reconstruction. The mission focused on the behaviour of non-engineered structures, in particular those of adobe constructions. The findings of the mission confirmed that most of the damage was observed on adobe houses constructed with traditional non anti-seismic techniques which either collapsed or nearly collapsed, causing 519 deaths, 1,366 injuries and more than 58,000 houses destroyed. The mission also confirmed that buildings constructed according to modern earthquake resistant design standards performed with no evident damage. All the parties contacted during the mission, especially the EC Delegation, showed particular interest in the results of the present mission report, which will be taken into consideration when planning the reconstruction phase, especially of the most distant rural areas, where close collaboration between the Governmental Institutions, International Organizations, Universities and NGO’s, will be needed to assist the population for the adoption of earthquake resistant designs in the reconstruction of the destroyed houses.  相似文献   

Using remote sensing to quantify aeolian transport and estimate the age of the terminal dune field Dunas Pampa Blanca in southern Peru     

Ralf Hesse   《Quaternary Research》2009,71(3):426-436

Aeolian dunes are widely used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. However, terminal dune fields (ergs) in the coastal desert of southern Peru – where information regarding Quaternary paleoenvironmental conditions is very limited – have until now not been used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and the time depth of their accumulation is unknown. Here, different estimates are derived to constrain the time depth recorded in the Dunas Pampa Blanca, a terminal dune field in coastal southern Peru. Dune field age is calculated using the volume of the Dunas Pampa Blanca and (i) recent aeolian transport rate in migrating transverse dunes feeding the Dunas Pampa Blanca (derived from digital processing of sequential Landsat and Quickbird images) and (ii) limitations posed by recent fluvial sediment supply to the source of aeolian transport. The resulting maximum age estimate of 70 ± 8 ka (from aeolian transport) compares with a minimum age estimate of 4–75 ka (from sediment supply). However, a minimum age estimate of 110–450 ka is deduced from the tectonic and topographic evolution of the region. This discrepancy contradicts the hypothesis of late Quaternary stability in the Peruvian coastal desert and indicates that recent conditions of aeolian sediment supply and transport are not representative for the late Quaternary.  相似文献   

秘鲁北部奇克拉约地区始新世-渐新世侵入岩时代、成因和构造环境     

姚春彦  郭维民  刘君安  李汉武  王天刚 《岩石矿物学杂志》2024,43(1):1-20

为充分认识秘鲁北部海岸岩基带始新世以来的构造岩浆演化特征,探讨侵入岩形成时代、岩石成因及其构造环境,在海岸岩基带自西向东系统采集侵入岩样品。锆石U-Pb年代学数据显示侵入岩时代分两期,分别为52～47 Ma和36～28 Ma,具有自西向东逐渐变新的特征。样品岩石地球化学具有钙碱性-高钾钙碱性特征,明显富集Rb、Ba、K、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti高场强元素;球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式均表现为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,具有弱的Eu负异常。Sr/Y-Y图解和Rb-(Y+Nb)图解显示岛弧岩浆岩的组成;Rb/Sr值和Th/U值接近壳源岩浆组成;Nb/Ta值和Zr/Hf值均接近平均陆壳组成;La/Ba-La/Nb图解指示具有岩石圈地幔源区的特征;A/MF-C/MF图解中多数样品落入基性岩的部分熔融区域。结合Nazca板块向南美大陆板块俯冲的构造背景及样品地球化学和年代学数据特征,认为两期侵入岩的岩浆具有同源特征,岩浆源区可能源于基性下地壳的部分熔融,并有岩石圈地幔物质混染;秘鲁北部在Nazca板块低角度平板俯冲作用下,岩浆弧向东迁移,同时地壳隆升和增厚时限较中南部地区的...  相似文献   

首钢秘鲁铁矿马尔科纳矿区9-10号矿体地质特征及成矿模式          下载免费PDF全文

尚潞君  滕正双  张平 《地质找矿论丛》2017,32(2):340-350

秘鲁马尔科纳铁矿位于南美安第斯山金属成矿带中。9-10号矿体赋存在志留-泥盆系马尔科纳组角岩中,MINA9、MINA10两个矿体实为同一矿体,只是被后期安山玢岩脉切割分成为两段。矿体呈层状、似层状产出,走向上连续,由一个主矿体组成,地表出露主矿体长1 450m,平均宽度100m。西部矿体走向近EW,倾向NW,倾角较缓;东部矿体走向NEE,倾角中等,围岩为角岩。矿体沿走向厚度稳定,9号矿体沿倾向矿体变薄,10号矿体沿倾向矿体增厚;由于后期氧化作用,铁矿体具有明显的垂直分带特点,由上到下分为氧化带、过渡带和原生带。综合矿物学和Ar同位素地质年代学研究结果,铁矿床主要形成于侏罗纪—早白垩世,成矿分为7个成矿阶段,中-晚侏罗世(171~156 Ma)的磁铁矿阶段、磁铁矿-硫化物阶段和多金属硫化物阶段是马尔科纳铁矿的主要成矿期;早白垩世(110~101 Ma)出现脉状铁-铜-硫化物叠加矿化阶段。马尔科纳铁矿的成矿模式:板块的碰撞-俯冲,造成强烈的幔源岩浆活动,形成大规模火山喷发和高钾钙碱性岩的侵位,火山(岩浆)期后的含矿流体沿NEE向断裂侵位,磁铁矿聚集矿化,形成马尔科纳铁矿的主矿体;主成矿期后又弱的叠加矿化,与中基性岩脉和断裂一起改造、破坏了先期阶段的矿体。  相似文献   

秘鲁西北部早白垩世Oyotún组火山岩层序、年代学及地球化学特征——对古Farallon板块俯冲作用细节的揭示     

段政  郭维民  曾勇  刘君安  Astete Igor  Guerrero Leyla 《地质通报》2017,36(12):2243-2263

Oyotún组火山岩为中安第斯西北缘中生代出露范围最广的一套火山岩,对研究中安第斯早白垩世壳幔相互作用具有重要意义。研究区西部Oyotún组火山岩出露面积小,厚度薄,岩性单一,而东部出露范围大,厚度厚,岩性复杂。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,Oyotún组火山岩时代集中在139.7~131.0Ma之间。主量元素SiO_2含量介于54.44%~72.33%之间,中等富MgO(0.56%~1.55%),偏铝-强过铝,A/CNK=0.98~3.51,富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、Pb和轻稀土元素,无明显Eu异常,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等,具明显的火山弧特征。Oyotún组火山岩εHf(t)值在3.37~8.42之间,且底部εHf(t)值显著低于顶部,指示其可能形成于活动陆缘弧后伸展背景下,由亏损地幔衍生的新生玄武质下地壳,经板片流体作用而产生的低程度部分熔融过程,并受到太古宙古老陆壳物质的混染,其混染程度随时代变新而逐渐减小。  相似文献   

大震前显示的地震震源机制趋于一致的变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

泽仁志玛  刁桂苓  李志雄  王晓山  冯向东 《地震》2010,30(1):108-114

在构造应力场的制约下强震孕育过程中特定阶段, 震源区中小地震震源机制与构造应力场的方向大体一致, 根据这一特点, 定义各个震源机制解的P轴, B轴, T轴和构造应力场的3个应力主轴在3维空间的夹角之和为一致性参数a, 研究强震前应力场变化特征。 对2006年11月15日千岛岛弧M_W8.3地震和2001年6月23日秘鲁M_W8.4地震研究表明, 大震发生前孕震区一致性参数a比较低, 震源机制与构造应力场的差异较小, 说明这些前震受到了震源区应力场的统一作用, 而主震发生之后震源机制解的一致性参数比较高, 说明后续发生的地震的震源机制散乱, 表明背景应力场的控制作用开始减弱。  相似文献   

Extension related to a high topography: results from a microearthquake survey in the Andes of Peru and tectonic implications     

Jacques Deverchère  Catherine Dorbath  Louis Dorbath 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,98(2):281-292

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