关于利用系统论方法设计金刚石钻头的分析研究          下载免费PDF全文

汤凤林  Чихоткин A. B.  段隆臣  潘秉锁  谭松成  Чихоткин В. Ф. 《探矿工程》2020,47(1):13-19

地质钻探工程是个复杂的系统工程，金刚石钻头设计是个复杂的系统。俄罗斯技术科学博士Скоромных В. В.教授等使用系统论方法设计表镶金刚石钻头，以机械钻速为目标函数，以钻头切入岩石深度为切入点，建立了相关的数学模型，编制了程序，进行了计算机模拟，可以比较直观地看到金刚石在孔底的工作情况和钻头破碎岩石的过程，对于深入研究孔底岩石破碎过程机理和判断金刚石钻头设计的合理性及其对钻探技术经济指标的作用，具有一定的实际意义。  相似文献   

基于农户视角的耕地细碎化程度评价——以湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”为例   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

文高辉  杨钢桥  汪文雄  赵微 《地理科学进展》2016,35(9):1129-1143

农户是耕地最主要的经营主体,基于农户视角构建耕地细碎化程度评价指标体系更为合理。本文选取湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”作为研究区域,采用改进的TOPSIS法,利用农户问卷调查数据,对耕地细碎化程度评价进行了实证研究。结果表明：①耕地细碎化程度衡量指标的选取应基于耕地细碎化的属性特征,从农户微观视角,选取地块平均面积、地块数量、地块间的平均距离3个指标,衡量某一区域的耕地细碎化程度;②耕地细碎化在岗地平原地区与低山丘陵地区间存在显著差异,岗地平原地区的耕地细碎化程度低于低山丘陵地区;③研究区域地形地貌呈现出“北部岗地平原—南部低山丘陵”的分布特征,耕地细碎化的综合程度基本上呈现出“北部低—南部高”的分布规律;④在不同经济发展水平地区耕地细碎化存在显著差异,在岗地平原地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越高;而在低山丘陵地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越低。  相似文献   

通榆县2000-2014年沙质及盐碱质荒漠化监测     

邵婷婷  姜琦刚 《世界地质》2018,37(1):296-301

利用landsat7、landsat5和landsat8三期遥感影像,对通榆县2000-2014年沙质及盐碱质土地荒漠化变化进行监测。研究结果表明：①研究区荒漠化程度有减轻趋势,荒漠化等级与面积以及破碎程度虽个别有小幅度改变与上升,但整体呈现优化与下降趋势;②整体破碎度指数在2000-2007年由4.57 km2变为5.46 km2,2014年降为3.17 km2,说明研究区2014年荒漠化分布较为破碎零散,连通性较差,而2007年分布较为集中;③质心分布图表明通榆县研究年限内各类型荒漠化质心的位移轨迹呈现出先向东北平移再向南平移的趋势。  相似文献   

片断化热带雨林土壤种子库初步研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

唐勇  曹敏  白昆甲 《山地学报》2000,18(6):568-571

通过萌发实验研究片断化热带雨林的森林土壤种子库的储量、种类组成以及种子的分布。结果表明,在厚度为10cm的土壤中,受次生植被隔离的城子龙山雨林片段土壤种子库储量达到6494±155粒/m2,高于连续森林的4585±235粒/m2。而受人工植被隔离的曼仰广龙山雨林片段由于缺乏种源,土壤种子库储量较低,仅达到3505±43粒/m2。土壤种子库中的种子种类也以城子龙山为最多,达到69种。从土壤种子库的水平分布看,受次生植被影响的城子龙山和迁地保护区从林缘至林内种子储量呈下降的趋势,而需子龙山隔离程度较高、受人畜干扰严重,森林内外土壤种子库储量显差异不显著。  相似文献   

Insect communities of Phragmites habitats used for sewage purification: Effects of age and area of habitats on species richness and herbivore-parasitoid interactions     

Olaf Athen  Teja Tscharntke   《Limnologica》1999,29(1):71-74

In 1994, 28 sewage purification plants based on common reed Phragmites australis were analyzed, to study fragmentation effects on diversity and on food web structure of insect communities. Purification plants differed in age (2 to 11 years) and area (10 to 2,500 m²). Both age and area were significantly correlated with species richness of herbivores. Populations of the two most abundant herbivores, the gall makers Lipara pullitarsis (Diptera, Chloropidae) and Giraudiella inclusa (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), increased significantly with age and size of the Phragmites habitats, i.e. the purification plants. Incidence curves showed that only habitats older than 6 years and larger than 100 m² have a 50% probability of finding these two most abundant gall makers, and can correspondingly be considered to contribute to insect species conservation. Natural enemies were even more susceptible to habitat fragmentation than their phytophagous hosts or prey, thereby hampering possible biocontrol. Percent parasitism of both the Lipara and Giraudiella gall makers significantly increased with habitat age.  相似文献   

Peridynamics simulations of geomaterial fragmentation by impulse loads          下载免费PDF全文

Xin Lai  Bo Ren  Houfu Fan  Shaofan Li  C.T. Wu  Richard A. Regueiro  Lisheng Liu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2015,39(12):1304-1330

In this work, we have developed nonlinear peridynamics models of drained and saturated geomaterials, and applied them to simulations of dynamic fragmentation and ejecta formation due to impulse loads. First, we have re‐phrased and re‐interpreted the non‐local state‐based peridynamics formulation to connect the non‐local integral operator with the local differential operator. Second, we have implemented the Drucker–Prager plasticity model in state‐based peridynamics at finite strain. A peridynamics version of the Hughes and Winget algorithm is derived for the constitutive update. Third, we have developed a peridynamics U‐p formulation for saturated geomaterials. Fourth, numerical simulations have been carried out to verify the proposed peridynamics formulations in the simulation of geomaterial fragmentation induced by impulse loads. Comparisons of analytical and numerical results indicate that the peridynamics model has the ability to both match traditional continuum compression examples, as well as simulate complex geomaterial fragmentation processes resulting from impulse loads. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

郯庐断裂带泗县徐井段晚第四纪新活动的宏微观现象初步研究     

郑海刚  姚大全  赵朋  杨源源  王行舟  疏鹏 《大地测量与地球动力学》2017,37(12):1219-1223

探槽揭示,郯庐断裂带安徽泗县徐井一带第四纪以来的新活动表现为逆断型崩积楔、张裂楔、碎裂流和地震断层。根据现场分析初步认为,中更新统沉积后,探槽所在部位先遭受挤压,晚白垩世砖红色砂岩自西向东上冲垮塌到中更新世沉积之上,形成逆断型崩积楔-1;接着发生张性断裂活动,形成开口向上的张裂楔;随后,所在部位又遭受挤压,沿张裂楔的东边界断面挤压逆冲活动产生碎屑物质上抛流动,形成逆断型崩积楔-2;其上逐步形成更新沉积,当黑土层堆积以后,再次遭受挤压,使得断面上下黑土层堆积厚度显现差异。这表明中更新统沉积以后,断裂曾先后发生挤压-引张-挤压-挤压共4次活动,最新活动在全新世早期。根据逆断型崩积楔、张裂楔和地震断层等的成因,这几次活动应属高速粘滑活动,对应几次强烈的史前地震活动事件。上述认识部分得到原态微观观测分析结果的证实。  相似文献   

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF NEWLY INCORPORATED MUNICIPALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES*     

LEORA WALDNER  KATHRYN RICE  RUSSELL M. SMITH 《Geographical review》2013,103(1):59-79

Scholarly literature on newly incorporated municipalities (nims ) often focuses on why nims form. Instead of asking why nims formed, however, we ask why nims stopped forming. We first establish a temporal context for nims from 1950 to 2010, revealing an 86.2 percent decline in nim formation. The decline, triggered by stricter laws, smaller annexations, declining suburbanization, and boundary ossification, has profound implications for metropolitan fragmentation and public choice. We then establish a state‐level spatial context, revealing distinct high‐nim , low‐nim , and flux states due to boundary ossification, growth, and state/regional policy stimuli such as consolidation efforts, grants, and growth management provisions.  相似文献   

Methodological Advances in the Spatial Analysis of Land Fragmentation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sainan Zhang  Abigail M. York  Christopher G. Boone  Milan Shrestha 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):512-526

This article evaluates the effect of moving window (MW) size on observed fragmentation spatial patterns and proposes a method to identify an effective MW size using Simpson's diversity index. To test the robustness of the proposed method, we demonstrate its use in six cities in the Phoenix metropolitan area that have substantial variation in land composition and configuration. Next we explore the effects of gradient observation scale and the role of scale in removing noise. We compare and discuss two popular approaches to measuring urban-to-rural fragmentation gradients—concentric ring- and transect-based approaches—highlighting the usefulness of each approach in an extensive and rapidly urbanizing region. This study provides a new method for selecting window size, offers insights on scale effects, and provides guidance on gradient scale selection to achieve the best representation of land fragmentation patterns for urban analysis.  相似文献   

Biodiversity,roads, & landscape fragmentation: Two Mediterranean cases     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2013

The most pervasive threats to biological diversity are directly or indirectly linked to the road networks. For this reason, over the last few decades, interest in the study of the ecological characteristics of the edges associated with roads has increased. This work aims to investigate the effect of roads as a human-induced disturbance on the plant diversity in two managed Mediterranean forest sites, focusing on the responses of plants species richness, evenness, composition and taxonomic diversity.A stratified random sampling was performed in two protected areas located in Tuscany, Central Italy. The species richness, composition and abundance were measured in 53·20 × 20 m plots. Ordinary Least Square and quantile regressions were used to study the effect of the roads on species richness, evenness and taxonomic distinctness, and redundancy analysis was used to examine the species composition. Generalized linear models in conjunction with an Information Criterion-based approach to model selection were used to test the role of road distance in the structure of forest plant biodiversity.Our findings indicated a clear relationship between road distance and different plant biodiversity facets, which showed its maximum effect in the first 0–20 m forest-to-road segment and a mitigation after the 200 m threshold. Furthermore, the presence and abundance of many key forest species, such as Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, were influenced more by the road distance than by other environmental gradients. The few remnants of core forest habitats in the Mediterranean basin highlight the need to recognize that road construction and maintenance have several ecological implications and accordingly require long-term monitoring programs.  相似文献