“尤特”特大暴雨过程的热力条件分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

程正泉  林良勋  沙天阳  杨国杰 《气象》2014,40(12):1507-1512

1311号强台风尤特登陆后给广东带来持续性大范围强降水,对流降水特征十分显著。文章分析了"尤特"影响期间大尺度环流背景,重点讨论了此次持续性强降水过程中大气层结问题。发现低空急流向广东输送强的暖平流,是广东大气层结不稳定得以持续维持的根本原因。进一步分析发现,低空急流本身并不是"暖"的,当"尤特"趋向陆地时,陆地上的暖气团在"尤特"环流强迫下向南传播扩散,低空急流穿越这一暖区时温度升高才具备"暖"的特性。温度诊断方程结果进一步证实这一点。通过个例反查,在许多登陆后造成连续强降水的台风过程中均发现了这一特征。因此,台风登陆引起环境温度场的演变以及与低空急流的配置需引起业务预报上的重视。  相似文献   

Earthquake evidence for compressive stress in the southeast Australian crust   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

David Denham  Janet Weekes  Clementine Krayshek 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3-4):323-332

Earthquakes in SE Australia are usually caused by compressive stresses acting in the crust, and are associated with steeply dipping faults. Sometimes the faulting is predominantly strike‐slip, as for the Bowning earthquakes of 1977 and some of the Dalton/Gunning earthquakes; and sometimes it is high‐angle thrust faulting, as for the 1961 Robertson and 1973 Picton earthquakes. No surface expression of the faults associated with any recent earthquakes in SE Australia has been reported.

The directions of the pressure axes, from all the earthquakes for which focal mechanisms have been determined, do not form a consistent pattern. This suggests that the faulting associated with earthquakes in SE Australia is dominated by the geometry of pre‐existing crustal faults or zones of weakness.

In situ stress measurements have not been made near the epicentral areas of the larger recent earthquakes, because of the absence of competent, near‐surface rocks coupled to the crust. However, in the western part of the Lachlan Fold Belt the in situ stress results indicate that the maximum pressure axis is approximately E‐W. The evidence from the focal mechanisms does not preclude the persistence of this stress regime farther to the east, and a regional compressive stress in the crust with an azimuth of about 120° is consistent with most of the earthquake focal mechanisms and the in situ stress measurements throughout SE Australia.  相似文献   

鄂东黄石地区三叠纪岩层中发育的重力滑动构造——重力不稳定性在控制构造变形和地质灾害过程中的作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

索书田  侯光久 《地质科技情报》2009,28(6)

位于湖北省东部黄石地区制图尺度的近东西向黄荆山向斜和桐梓堡背斜是在印支期造山作用时形成的,主要由古生代及三叠纪沉积岩层序列组成。其中的下、中三叠统包括页岩、泥灰岩、石灰岩、白云质灰岩和白云岩等层状岩系。从构造地质学的观点出发,由下而上可划分为3个力学分层单位或组合,相互间存在有不同的黏度比或相对强度。在大型褶皱翼部,发育一系列中小型褶皱(其振幅从几米至上百米),如屋顶和墙壁状构造、膝状褶皱、平卧褶皱、翻转及叠褶构造等,覆于层理面及低缓角度正断层面之上。详细的三维空间构造解析指出,这些复杂的中小型构造产状和组合样式,与通常的寄生牵引褶皱和大的褶皱关系是相反的,即上层的相对运动或流动指向向斜的槽部,显示重力导致的滑动构造特征。这种滑动构造只是一类继发性的独立构造现象,可以解释为是在重力不稳定性影响下,部分沉积岩层沿着先存的倾斜层理面或拆离剪切带向下坡有限滑动的结果。所发育的特征性构造取决于涉及的岩层及力学分层单位的能干性或相对强度。在大型褶皱翼部岩层向下滑动的尺度、速度及可行性,与层理面的倾斜度及拆离带的厚度、黏度等因素相关。类似的重力滑动构造在中上扬子地区的沉积岩层中常可观察到,同时,地表的滑坡、岩崩及山体垮塌...  相似文献   

Hydrogeochemical stratification of the unconfined Samobor aquifer (Zagreb,Croatia)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tatjana Vlahović  Andrea Bačani  Kristijan Posavec 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(8):1707-1722

In the western part of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations of the Samobor aquifer were carried out with the aim of determining the differences in hydrogeochemical characteristics at increasing aquifer depths. The aquifer comprises 40-m thick gravelly–sandy deposits, with lenses and interlayers of silt and clay. The analyses have proven that with increasing aquifer depth, there are decreases in groundwater temperature and the values of electrical conductivity and increases in the sodium, iron and manganese concentrations. The δ¹³C distribution shows an evident increase in biogenic carbon concentrations with increasing aquifer depth. The measured specific ¹⁴C activities showed that the deeper part of the aquifer is characterized by slow water exchange, while the shallower part is influenced by current recharge, although the pumping wells located on the well-field downstream penetrate the aquifer fully. A direct exchange of water from the Sava River and groundwater occurs in the near vicinity of the river. This exchange weakens further away, while the difference in hydrogeochemical characteristics between the Sava River water and groundwater increases.  相似文献   

Observations and modelling of the travel time delay and leading negative phase of the 16 September 2015 Illapel,Chile tsunami     

Peitao Wang  Zhiyuan Ren  Lining Sun  Jingming Hou  Zongchen Wang  Ye Yuan  Fujiang Yu 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(11):11-30

The systematic discrepancies in both tsunami arrival time and leading negative phase (LNP) were identified for the recent transoceanic tsunami on 16 September 2015 in Illapel, Chile by examining the wave characteristics from the tsunami records at 21 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) sites and 29 coastal tide gauge stations. The results revealed systematic travel time delay of as much as 22 min (approximately 1.7％ of the total travel time) relative to the simulated long waves from the 2015 Chilean tsunami. The delay discrepancy was found to increase with travel time. It was difficult to identify the LNP from the near-shore observation system due to the strong background noise, but the initial negative phase feature became more obvious as the tsunami propagated away from the source area in the deep ocean. We determined that the LNP for the Chilean tsunami had an average duration of 33 min, which was close to the dominant period of the tsunami source. Most of the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phase were approximately 40％, with the largest equivalent to the first positive phase amplitude. We performed numerical analyses by applying the corrected long wave model, which accounted for the effects of seawater density stratification due to compressibility, self-attraction and loading (SAL) of the earth, and wave dispersion compared with observed tsunami waveforms. We attempted to accurately calculate the arrival time and LNP, and to understand how much of a role the physical mechanism played in the discrepancies for the moderate transoceanic tsunami event. The mainly focus of the study is to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each secondary physical effect to the systematic discrepancies using the corrected shallow water model. Taking all of these effects into consideration, our results demonstrated good agreement between the observed and simulated waveforms. We can conclude that the corrected shallow water model can reduce the tsunami propagation speed and reproduce the LNP, which is observed for tsunamis that have propagated over long distances frequently. The travel time delay between the observed and corrected simulated waveforms is reduced to <8 min and the amplitude discrepancy between them was also markedly diminished. The incorporated effects amounted to approximately 78％ of the travel time delay correction, with seawater density stratification, SAL, and Boussinesq dispersion contributing approximately 39％, 21％, and 18％, respectively. The simulated results showed that the elastic loading and Boussinesq dispersion not only affected travel time but also changed the simulated waveforms for this event. In contrast, the seawater stratification only reduced the tsunami speed, whereas the earth's elasticity loading was responsible for LNP due to the depression of the seafloor surrounding additional tsunami loading at far-field stations. This study revealed that the traditional shallow water model has inherent defects in estimating tsunami arrival, and the leading negative phase of a tsunami is a typical recognizable feature of a moderately strong transoceanic tsunami. These results also support previous theory and can help to explain the observed discrepancies.  相似文献   

Alluvial stratification styles in a large,flash‐flood influenced dryland river: The Luni River,Thar Desert,north‐west India     

Paul A. Carling  Suzanne F. Leclair 《Sedimentology》2019,66(1):102-128

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河南省嵩山区元古代嵩山群底部的主滑脱带          下载免费PDF全文

索书田  游振东  闻立峰  韩郁菁 《地球科学》2019,44(5):1537-1543

河南省嵩山区位于中朝地台南部,区内发育被2个角度不整合面分隔开的3个前寒武纪岩群,一个主滑脱带沿着嵩山群与登封群间不整合面发育.滑脱带之上的早元古代嵩山群形成近南北向的褶皱带,因此,嵩山群岩石在主滑脱带之上形成无根的独立构造.与滑脱带下伏的太古宙登封群很少有关系.主滑脱带厚4～30m,沿着主滑脱带,登封群角闪岩相岩石强烈退变质到绿片岩相矿物组合,主滑脱带发育在脆韧性过渡域.多尺度的观察指出,主滑脱带的形成受地壳成分分层导致的流变学分层性所制约,而且地层柱底部软弱面或地质界面是近水平的滑脱带发育的优选位置.显然,对滑脱带的发育还必须考虑水解弱化作用.  相似文献   

水平分层胶结充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则     

汪杰  宋卫东  谭玉叶  付建新  曹帅 《岩土力学》2019,40(5):1731-1739

以矿山分层充填为背景,针对水平分层充填体,提出了初始分层损伤、荷载损伤与总损伤的概念;利用损伤力学理论,考虑分层效应,建立了充填体损伤演化及本构模型;基于全微分方法构建了考虑分层效应的充填体强度准则。开展了不同分层充填体力学特性试验。研究结果表明：所建立的分层充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则理论曲线与试验曲线高度吻合,验证了模型的正确性;初始分层损伤随分层数增多,呈现 的二次多项式递增,分层效应与荷载耦合作用劣化了充填体总损伤;充填体总损伤率呈先增大后减小趋势。在峰值之前,分层数越多,则总损伤率越大;而峰值之后,分层数越多,则总损伤率越小,且总损伤率最大值随分层数增多而增大。  相似文献   

非均一地形近地层风速廓线特点及粗糙度的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郭凤霞  朱文越  饶瑞中 《气象》2010,36(6):90-94

在中性大气层结条件下,利用35 m铁塔上五层不同高度处的有效风速,分析得到了非均一地形近地面层风速廓线特点及由粗糙元所决定的粗糙度。结果表明:(1)近地面层风速廓线一般符合对数风速廓线模式,其相关系数均大于0.985,标准偏差为0.04左右;(2)粗糙度的值为1.25 m。但由于外界流体运动状态改变可引起粗糙度出现起伏,其变化范围较大,一般在0.038～4.903 m,与风速之间的相关系数为-0.953。  相似文献   

The Freezing Precipitation over the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River during February-March 2009          下载免费PDF全文

SUN Jian-Hu  ZHAO Si-Xiong 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(3):177-182

In this paper, the authors analyze the quasistationary fronts, surface conditions, and atmospheric stratification processes associated with a freezing precipitation event over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the Dabie mountain during February-March 2009. The long duration of freezing precipitation was primarily caused by stationary and anomalous synoptic weather patterns, such as a blocking high pressure in the northern branch and a trough in the southern branch of the westerlies, which resulted in the encounter cold air from northern China and warm moisture from the south. The east-west-oriented, quasi-stationary front （or shear line） found in central China was mostly responsible for producing the precipitation. The warm layer and nearsurface frozen layer were located in the lower troposphere along the front zone. Although the warm layer （〉 0℃） existed along the whole front, a surface temperature less than 0℃ appeared only over the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the Dabie mountain. Therefore, the surface temperature was the main influencing factor, as the freezing precipitation only happened over the Dabie mountain.  相似文献