Synoptic conditions of heavy snowfalls in Europe     

Ewa Bednorz 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2013,95(1):67-78

Synoptic conditions of heavy snowfalls at four stations in Europe (Oslo, Bremen, Smolensk and Budapest) were analyzed using daily data of snow cover depth from 50 winter seasons (1960/1961–2009/2010). Composite maps of the sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height means and anomalies were presented for the days with an increase in snow depth by ≥10 cm, for each station separately. In the same way, maps were presented for the 850 hPa temperature and the precipitable water content. Additionally, 48 h back trajectories of air masses for the chosen days with the highest amount of snowfall were constructed, using the NOAA HYSPLIT model. Negative anomalies of sea level pressure and 500 hPa heights, which correspond to low‐pressure systems spreading over Europe, are prerequisites for the occurrence of heavy snowfalls at each analyzed location. In Budapest, heavy snowfalls appear as a result of cyclonic cold fronts from the Mediterranean Sea. Another typical location of snow‐bringing low‐pressure systems is the Baltic Sea region. Negative pressure anomalies over the North Atlantic with a low‐pressure centre over the Norwegian Sea cause snowfalls in Oslo. There are two main sources of air masses bringing abundant snowfalls in Europe: the Atlantic region and Mediterranean. According to back trajectories, the humid air masses are transported over long distances and on the way they are shifted from the low troposphere in the source regions to the upper layers.  相似文献   

"2002.3"强沙尘暴过程的中尺度动力学诊断分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王文隆霄  李耀辉钱莉 《干旱气象》2004,22(3):17-21

利用较成功模拟的一次强沙尘暴过程的MM5模式输出资料进行了动力学诊断研究,计算了动量收支残差x,结果表明,3月19日高低层上,最大x矢量位于河西小槽的后部,表明动量残差主要是加速西北气流的南下.x矢量与风矢量y的夹角在槽后＜90°,这说明动量残差在槽后加速冷空气南下,非常有利于小槽的发展和东进南下.300 hPa动能转换E的带状分布非常清楚,并且E的大值中心分布在高空急流(＞50m/s)的两侧,这也表明高空急流在能量转换的过程中起到非常重要的作用.涡度、散度和位涡的分布特征与引发此次沙尘天气的河西小槽位置比较一致.轨迹分析表明,在300hPa高空主要是低压槽起引导作用,500hPa向东南方向移动,而在700hPa气块在高原北侧的绕流非常明显.将沙尘浓度和气块轨迹叠加在一起时,可以确定沙尘的输送路径,所以它有一定的预报实用性.  相似文献   

基于Chebyshev走时逼近的三维多次反射射线计算     

孙建国  苗贺 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2018,48(3):890-899

在利用有限差分等基于网格的数值分析方法解地震波走时所满足的程函方程时,由于速度模型的网格化离散等原因,会使走时在各网格节点之间不具有计算射线路径所要求的光滑性,即走时在邻近网格节点之间不具有连续的一阶导数。因此,直接利用网格节点走时计算射线路径会使最终的射线路径不光滑。为解决这个问题,已有研究者提出了基于B样条插值的逆向梯度方案（法）。然而,在速度发生突变时,B样条逆向梯度法所计算出的射线路径会具有较大的误差。针对这个问题,首先采用适合于解最小零偏差逼近及最佳平方逼近问题的Chebyshev多项式取代B样条对来自于分区多级计算方案的网格节点走时进行最佳逼近,得到在最小平方意义下的最优走时公式;然后采用与B样条逆向梯度法类似的计算过程得到光滑的射线路径。数值实验表明,利用Chebyshev多项式逼近走时可以得到具有很高精度的多次反射射线路径,在多次波偏移成像研究中具有潜在的价值。  相似文献   

Incorporation of intra-city human mobility into urban growth simulation: A case study in Beijing     

Wang  Siying  Fei  Teng  Li  Weifeng  Zhang  Anqi  Guo  Huagui  Du  Yunyan 《地理学报(英文版)》2022,32(5):892-912

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The effective modeling of urban growth is crucial for urban planning and analyzing the causes of land-use dynamics. As urbanization has slowed down in most...  相似文献   

Trajectory Studies of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Lidar Observations at Sodankylä (Finland) During SESAME: Comparison with Box Model Results of Particle Evolution     

V. Rizi  G. Redaelli  G. Visconti  F. Masci  C. Wedekind  B. Stein  F. Immler  B. Mielke  P. Rairoux  L. Woste  M. Del Guasta  M. Morandi  F. Castagnoli  S. Balestri  L. Stefanutti  R. Matthey  V. Mitev  M. Douard  J.P. Wolf  E. Kyro  M. Rummukainen  R. Kivi 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,32(1):165-181

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) were observed with the multi-wavelength lidar of the MOANA project (Modelling and Observations of Aerosols in the Northern Atmosphere) during SESAME (Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment). The physical state, liquid or solid, of the cloud particles can be inferred from the lidar data. Using isentropic back-trajectories to obtain the thermal history of the sampled air masses, it is possible to reconcile most of the observations with current ideas on PSC formation and evolution. When the cloud particles were identified as liquid, changes in the size distribution of the droplets along the trajectory were calculated using a micro-physical box model. Backscatter ratios calculated from the size distributions are in broad agreement with the lidar data, giving confidence in current understanding of the evolution of ternary solution (H2SO4, HNO3 and H2O) droplets.Results from two soundings are shown which bear on the problem of the formation of solid particles. In the first, solid particles were detected. The air mass had cooled to the frost point 12 hours earlier. In the second no solid particles were detected although the air temperature was below the nitric acid trihydrate existence point, and had decreased by 12K in the previous 14 hours.  相似文献   

Prediction in a socio-hydrological world   总被引：13，自引：12，他引：1  

V. Srinivasan  M. Sanderson  M. Garcia  M. Konar  G. Blöschl  M. Sivapalan 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(3):338-345

Water resource management involves public investments with long-ranging impacts that traditional prediction approaches cannot address. These are increasingly being critiqued because (1) there is an absence of feedbacks between water and society; (2) the models are created by domain experts who hand them to decision makers to implement; and (3) they fail to account for global forces on local water resources. Socio-hydrological models that explicitly account for feedbacks between water and society at multiple scales and facilitate stakeholder participation can address these concerns. However, they require a fundamental change in how we think about prediction. We suggest that, in the context of long-range predictions, the goal is not scenarios that present a snapshot of the world at some future date, but rather projection of alternative, plausible and co-evolving trajectories of the socio-hydrological system. This will both yield insights into cause–effect relationships and help stakeholders identify safe or desirable operating space.  相似文献   

Vapour source and spatiotemporal variation of precipitation isotopes in Southwest Spain     

Claus Kohfahl  Rolf Fonseca Rodríguez  Fernando Ruiz Bermudo  Iñaki Vadillo 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14445

The δ²H and δ¹⁸O composition of 77 precipitation samples collected between January 2014 and April 2019 from two sites across the Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain, were analysed. The first site is located in an urban area of Seville at 100 km distance to the Atlantic coast and the second site is located in a dune area of the Doñana National Park a few kilometres from the coast. Sampling was performed within intervals of at least 14 days if rain occurred but frequently intervals were longer according to the rainfall incidence. Samples from both sites are available for the period February 2016 to June 2018 with six samples containing identical rain events at both locations. Precipitation weighted averages and local meteoric water lines produced by weighting and non-weighting regression methods are presented for its use in hydrological applications. Results show a remarkably high variability in δ²H and δ¹⁸O values and precipitation weighted average d-excess values of 11.8‰ and 13‰ at the sites Plaza de España and Doñana, respectively. Temperature and amount effects were found to be weak. A significant influence of secondary evaporation for single rainfall events during summer was identified by enriched isotopic signatures with reduced d-excess values plotting close or below the global meteoric water line. Backward trajectory analysis of 115 days with daily rainfall above 3 mm yield a predominant Atlantic Ocean vapour source with negligible Mediterranean influence and therefore, d-excess variability is attributed to the different ocean surface conditions of relative humidity and sea surface temperature. Parallel sampling indicate very similar isotopic signatures at both sites and point to the existence of thermal effects of the Plaza de España site in Seville city during the summer season.  相似文献   

Chemical composition of wet deposition in a Mediterranean site Athens,Greece related to the origin of air masses     

Panagiotis T. Nastos  Dimitrios Alexakis  Helen A. Kanellopoulou  Akindinos E. Kelepertsis 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,58(2):167-179

The goal of this study is to determine the chemical composition of rain, in the wider region of Athens, Greece for the time period 1st September 2001 to 31st August 2002. Two model automatic rain samplers were installed in the Meteorological Station of Laboratory of Climatology (latitude: 37° 58′ N, longitude: 23° 47′ E) inside the Athens University Campus and in a site at Heraklio Attica, a northern suburb of Athens (latitude: 38° 03′ N, longitude: 23° 45′ E). The concentrations (μeq l⁻¹) of the major cations (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, , και ), as well as pH and conductivity of rain in 39 total samples were determined. The figures of pH range from 6.4 to 8.4 and conductivity from 8 to 207 μS cm⁻¹. The analysis showed that Ca²⁺ ions are abundant within all examined samples, while and present the highest concentrations from the anions. In order to find out the origin of the air masses, the air mass back trajectories were calculated. Five sectors of the origin of air masses were revealed: the North, the South, the Local, the West and the East sector. Multivariate methods included Factor Analysis and Discriminant Analysis were applied to the examined ion concentrations and three main factors were extracted, which discriminated the ions according to their origin. The first group of ions is interpreted as the result of the anthropogenic activity, the second group represents the acidity–alkalinity independently of their source and the third one the marine influence.  相似文献   

Impact of wind on the spatial distribution of rain over micro‐scale topography: numerical modelling and experimental verification     

Bert Blocken  Jean Poesen  Jan Carmeliet 《水文研究》2006,20(2):345-368

The wind‐driven‐rain effect refers to the redistribution of rainfall over micro‐scale topography due to the existence of local perturbed wind‐flow patterns. Rainfall measurements reported in the literature point to the fact that the wind‐driven‐rain distribution can show large variations over micro‐scale topography. These variations should be taken into account in hillslope hydrology, in runoff and erosion studies and in the design of rainfall monitoring networks. In practice, measurements are often not suitable for determining the wind‐driven‐rain distribution. Therefore, a few researchers have employed numerical modelling. In order to provide confidence in using numerical models, experimental verification for a range of different topographic features is imperative. The objective of this study is to investigate the adequacy of a two‐dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to predict the wind‐driven‐rain distribution over small‐scale topography. The numerical model is applied to a number of topographic features, including a succession of cliffs, a small isolated hill, a small valley and a field with ridges and furrows. The numerical results are compared with the corresponding measurement results reported in the literature. It is shown that two‐dimensional numerical modelling can provide a good indication of the wind‐driven‐rain distribution over each type of micro‐scale topography that is considered in this study. It is concluded that more detailed verification procedures are currently inhibited due to the lack of available and detailed spatial and temporal rainfall data from field measurements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Registering randomly oriented scenes through moving object attributes     

Panagiotis Partsinevelos 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11):1793-1807

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