Benefits from increased cooperation and energy trade under CO₂ commitments—The Nordic case     

Thomas Unger  Tomas Ekvall 《Climate Policy》2003,3(3):279-294

In this paper, benefits from increasing cross-border cooperation under future CO₂ commitments in the Nordic countries are examined and evaluated. Four cooperative strategies are analyzed and valued separately: cross-border electricity trade, cross-border emission-permit trade, the introduction of a trans-Nordic natural gas transmission grid, and, finally, utilization of all these three strategies simultaneously. The valuation is done under varying CO₂ commitments and under three different scenarios for future energy demand and technological development. In conducting this analysis, the energy-systems model-generator MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) was used to model the Nordic energy system. It is shown that all cooperative strategies do lower the abatement costs considerably, especially if the strategy including full cooperation is utilized. In this case, additional costs from meeting CO₂ targets may be at least halved for commitments less than 10% reduction until 2050 based on emissions in 1995. No significant difference between low and high CO₂ commitments could be observed in the size of the benefits from cooperation, expressed in billions (10⁹) of Swedish crowns. Benefits from cooperation are generally larger for scenarios including relatively higher future energy demand.  相似文献   

Global two dimensional chemistry model and simulation of atmospheric chemical composition   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Zhang Renjian  Wang Mingxing  Zeng Qingcun 《大气科学进展》2000,17(1):72-82

1.IntroductionAgreatchangehastakenplaceinglobalatmosphericchemicalcompositionbecauseofhumanactivitiessinceindustrialrevolution.Numericalsimulationisaneffectivetooltostudythechangeoftracegases.Inthelasttwentyyears,two--dimensionalchemical/transportmodelshavebeenextensivelydevelopedtosimulatethedistributionsoftracers(GidelandCrutzen,1983;Hough,1991;LawandPyle1993).Inordertopredictthefuturepossiblechangesofatmosphericspecies,itisnecessarytohaveabetterunderstandingofprocessessuchasemission,trans…  相似文献   

CaII K imaging to understand UV irradiance variability     

R. Kariyappa 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》2000,21(3-4):293-297

To identify and understand the underlying physical mechanisms of total solar and UV irradiance variability and to estimate the contribution of various chromospheric features to UV irradiance, detailed analysis of spatially resolved data is required. The various chromospheric features have been segregated and different parameters have been derived from CaII K Spectroheliograms of NSO/Sac Peak and Kodaikanal Observatory and compared with UV irradiance flux measured in MgII h and k lines by NOAA 9 satellite. The important results of this detailed analysis of CaII K Images of 1992 together with UV irradiance data will be discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

区域大气环境容量测算及二氧化硫总量平衡分配研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

周昊  李元宜 《气象与环境学报》2006,22(5):19-23

利用CALPUFF中尺度模型模拟计算出来的影响矩阵建立容量模型,使用专业的数学计算软件Lindo对容量模型进行计算,在综合考虑中部城市群区域的客观情况下,得到基于环境容量的辽宁中部城市群SO2排放总量平衡分配方案,为环境管理提供科技支撑。  相似文献   

中国民航节能减排任重道远     

姚荣学 《中国勘察设计》2011,(3):36-40

分析和总结了目前民航在节能减排方面所做的努力,为以后的民航机场建设提供经验参考。  相似文献   

Solar, interplanetary, planetary, and related extra-solar system science for LOFAR     

Iver H. Cairns   《Planetary and Space Science》2004,52(15):1423-1434

The low frequency array (LOFAR) radiotelescope will be a powerful instrument for answering fundamental, unresolved scientific questions concerning solar system radio phenomena and related emissions from nearby stellar systems. This paper reviews the phenomena, emission mechanisms, open scientific questions, and LOFAR's capabilities. LOFAR will detect metric solar radio bursts in the corona and interplanetary medium, out to distances of order 10 solar radii, as well as Jovian radio emissions. Arguments are given that LOFAR may be sufficiently sensitive to detect stellar analoges of solar type II and III bursts, and may detect cyclotron-maser emissions from extra-solar planets. LOFAR may also aid space weather research, by passively detecting coronal mass ejections (CMEs) via scintillation and Faraday rotation effects, or by detecting radar signals bounced off CMEs and coronal density structures if a suitable solar radar is developed.  相似文献   

基于自然的解决方案：林业增汇减排路径、潜力与经济性评价     

田惠玲  朱建华  李宸宇  肖文发 《气候变化研究进展》2021,17(2):195-203

林业作为实施“基于自然的解决方案（NbS）”的重要领域和路径选择,在落实NbS行动中越来越受到各国政府和专家学者的广泛支持。文中在回顾国内外NbS相关资料的基础上,总结分析了林业领域NbS的内涵和路径、国际和国内相关政策及已采取的措施,重点分析了林业NbS路径的减排潜力、成本与效益。从全球范围看,造林和再造林路径具有较高的技术减排潜力,而减少毁林和森林经营管理是相对更具有成本效益的增汇减排路径。中国对林业NbS的实践及科学研究等尚显不足,但已有的重大林业生态工程已经产生了显著的减排效益和经济效益。未来需要在林业NbS相关标准与计量体系建设、减排技术与经济潜力研究、激励与保障机制等政策研究,以及增强公众意识等方面进一步深化和发展。  相似文献   

火焰原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定硫化矿中的银铜铅锌   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

胡健平  王日中  杜宝华  盛迪波  罗志翔 《岩矿测试》2018,37(4):388-395

过渡金属Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Pb等及贵金属元素(铂族元素和Au、Ag)高度富集在硫化物中,尤其是富集在岩浆硫化物中,常形成具有工业开采价值的矿产,因而硫化物矿物具有重大的经济价值。而硫化物矿种类多,不同类型硫化物矿中Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn含量高低不同,有些被强酸分解不完全,产生沉淀,导致检测结果波动性较大、精密度偏低。本文针对含黄铁矿、铅和铜分别以方铅矿和黄铜矿形式存在的较难溶的硫化物矿,在矿样中先加盐酸加热除硫后,再用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸三种强酸分解,以新配制的王水提取,使该类样品获得了理想的分解效果,特别是对银、铅含量较高的样品分解效果改善较显著。试液用火焰原子吸收光谱和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱都能准确测定Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn,两种方法的相对误差在±2.32%以内,测定值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)均小于3.5%,四个元素的检出限均低于0.0090!g/m L,低于文献检出限。  相似文献   

乙醇增敏-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定矿石及选冶样品中的铌钽   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

姚玉玲  吴丽琨  刘卫  李刚 《岩矿测试》2015,34(2):224-228

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)在铌钽测定方面获得广泛应用,但灵敏度较低、检出限较高,不能满足矿石和选冶样品中的低含量铌钽的检测要求。本文优化了ICP-AES测试过程中多种有机试剂的增敏效果,结果表明:样品采用氢氟酸-硝酸-硫酸敞开酸溶,选择乙醇作增敏剂,雾化效率最佳,当乙醇浓度为6%时,原子线Nb 292.781 nm、Ta 240.063 nm的灵敏度分别增强了180.5%和265.5%;铌的检出限由不加乙醇的5.85μg/g降低到3.22μg/g,钽的检出限由不加乙醇的10.65μg/g降低到5.03μg/g;Nb2O5回收率为97.7%~101.9%,Ta2O5回收率为96.8%~97.2%;方法精密度(RSD)6%。本方法适用于低含量和高含量铌钽的同时测定,尤其有利于选冶流程样品中同一批次的精矿、中矿和尾矿的同时测定,克服了以往分别采用光谱法和质谱法测定所产生的仪器间误差导致回收率吻合程度不好的缺陷。  相似文献   

交流电弧发射光谱的不同灵敏度谱线测定锡   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

余宇  和振云  毛振才  魏轶  袁秀茹  刘江斌 《岩矿测试》2013,32(1):44-47

根据交流电弧发射光谱法具有可同时测定多个元素和多条谱线的优势,探讨了利用Sn的灵敏线(317.502 nm)和次灵敏线(285.062 nm)同时测定Sn含量范围跨度较大的样品。对GBZ-Ⅱ型光谱相板测光仪的软件工作条件进行特殊设置,通过灵敏线317.502 nm测定样品中x~xxμg/g的Sn,次灵敏线285.062 nm测定样品中0.0x%~x%的Sn。本方法同时测定两条不同灵敏度的分析谱线,兼顾了交流电弧发射光谱法具有较高灵敏度的优点,拓展了样品的测试范围,避免了传统方法中对高含量样品需进行稀释后再次测定可能带来的污染以及人为引入的误差。  相似文献