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61.
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63.
Discovery rates for all metals,including gold,are declining,the cost per significant discovery is increasing sharply,and the economic situation of the industry is one of low base rate.The current hierarchical structure of the exploration and mining industry makes this situation difficult to redress.Economic geologists can do little to influence the required changes to the overall structure and philosophy of an industry driven by business rather than geological principles.However,it should be possible to follow the lead of the oil industry and improve the success rate of greenfield exploration,necessary for the next group of lower-exploration-spend significant mineral deposit discoveries.Here we promote the concept that mineral explorers need to carefully consider the scale at which their exploration targets are viewed.It is necessary to carefully assess the potential of drill targets in terms of terrane to province to district scale,rather than deposit scale,where most current economic geology research and conceptual thinking is concentrated.If otogenic,IRGD,Carlin-style and 10 CG gold-rich systems are viewed at the deposit scale,they appear quite different in terms of conventionally adopted research parameters.However,recent models for these deposit styles show increasingly similar source-region parameters when viewed at the lithosphere scale,suggesting common tectonic settings.It is only by assessing individual targets in their tectonic context that they can be more reliably ranked in terms of potential to provide a significant drill discovery.Targets adjacent to craton margins,other lithosphere boundaries,and suture zones are clearly favoured for all of these gold deposit styles,and such exploration could lead to incidental discovery of major deposits of other metals sited along the same tectonic boundaries. 相似文献
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Zaihua Liu Chris Groves Daoxian Yuan Joe Meiman Guanghui Jiang Shiyi He Qiang Li 《水文研究》2004,18(13):2423-2437
High‐resolution measurements of rainfall, water level, pH, conductivity, temperature and carbonate chemistry parameters of groundwater at two adjacent locations within the peak cluster karst of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site in Guangxi Province, China, were made with different types of multiparameter sonde. The data were stored using data loggers recording with 2 min or 15 min resolution. Waters from a large, perennial spring represent the exit for the aquifer's conduit flow, and a nearby well measures water in the conduit‐adjacent, fractured media. During flood pulses, the pH of the conduit flow water rises as the conductivity falls. In contrast, and at the same time, the pH of groundwater in the fractures drops, as conductivity rises. As Ca2+ and HCO3? were the dominant (>90%) ions, we developed linear relationships (both r2 > 0·91) between conductivity and those ions, respectively, and in turn calculated variations in the calcite saturation index (SIC) and CO2 partial pressure (P) of water during flood pulses. Results indicate that the P of fracture water during flood periods is higher than that at lower flows, and its SIC is lower. Simultaneously, P of conduit water during the flood period is lower than that at lower flows, and its SIC also is lower. From these results we conclude that at least two key processes are controlling hydrochemical variations during flood periods: (i) dilution by precipitation and (ii) water–rock–gas interactions. To explain hydrochemical variations in the fracture water, the water–rock–gas interactions may be more important. For example, during flood periods, soil gas with high CO2 concentrations dissolves in water and enters the fracture system, the water, which in turn has become more highly undersaturated, dissolves more limestone, and the conductivity increases. Dilution of rainfall is more important in controlling hydrochemical variations of conduit water, because rainfall with higher pH (in this area apparently owing to interaction with limestone dust in the lower atmosphere) and low conductivity travels through the conduit system rapidly. These results illustrate that to understand the hydrochemical variations in karst systems, considering only water–rock interactions is not sufficient, and the variable effects of CO2 on the system should be evaluated. Consideration of water–rock–gas interactions is thus a must in understanding variations in karst hydrochemistry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
66.
B. H. Goff R. Weinberg D. I. Groves N. M. Vielreicher P. J. Fourie 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2004,80(3-4):173-199
Summary The world-class Paleoproterozoic Vergenoeg fluorite deposit in South Africa is hosted in a breccia pipe comprising units with varying proportions of pegmatoidal fayalite, magnetite, fluorite and siderite. The adjacent A-type Bushveld granites also have associated fluorite deposits containing fluorite with similar REE patterns, fluid inclusion and Sr isotope compositions to those at Vergenoeg, leading to the proposal that there is a genetic relationship. This is despite the silica-undersaturated nature (SiO2<30%) of the Pipe and its extreme enrichment in Ca, F, Fe, Nb, P and REE compared to granites. Both liquid immiscibility from a granitic melt and granitic magmato-hydrothermal activity have been proposed as genetic mechanisms to explain this exotic composition. However, the Vergenoeg Pipe shows greater similarities to alkaline rocks, in particular the Phalaborwa carbonatite of similar age, including: i) size and shape, ii) associated maars, iii) mineralogical zoning, iv) geochemical, radiogenic and stable isotope composition, and v) presence of both high-T and low-T fluid inclusions. This suggests an alternative genetic relationship with alkaline magmas, in which some geochemical and radiogenic isotopic similarities to Bushveld granites are the consequence of broadly contemporaneous development in the same tectonic setting within the same lithosphere, whereas others may be due to hydrothermal overprinting. Similarities with Phalaborwa and also with Bayan Obo, Mongolia, indicate that the Vergenoeg pegmatoid pipe could be an extreme carbonatite-associated member of the Fe-oxide Cu–Au (±REE±P) group of deposits.Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-003-0012-6Tables 1-4 available as electronic supplementary material 相似文献
67.
68.
Influence of structural setting on sulphur isotopes in Archean orogenic gold deposits,Eastern Goldfields Province,Yilgarn, Western Australia 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
P. F. Hodkiewicz D. I. Groves G. J. Davidson R. F. Weinberg S. G. Hagemann 《Mineralium Deposita》2009,44(2):129-150
The published mean δ34S values of ore-related pyrites from orogenic gold deposits of the Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton lie between
−4‰ and +4‰. As for orogenic gold deposits worldwide, most deposits have positive means and a restricted range of δ34S values, but some have negative means and wider ranges of δ34S values. Wall-rock carbonation and back-mixing of similar-source fluids with different fluid pathways can explain some of
the more negative δ34S signatures. However, structural setting appears to be the most important factor controlling ore-fluid oxidation state and
hence the distribution of δ34S values in gold-related pyrites. Shear-hosted deposits appear to have experienced fluid-dominated processes such as phase
separation, whereas stockwork, vein-hosted or disseminated deposits formed under conditions of greater rock buffering. At
Victory-Defiance, in particular, negative δ34S values are more common in gently dipping dilational structures, compared to more compressional steeply dipping structures.
It appears most likely that fluid-pressure fluctuations during fault-valve cycles establish different fluid-flow regimes in
structures with different orientations. Rapid fluid-pressure fluctuations in dilational structures during seismic activity
can cause partitioning of reduced gas phases from the ore fluid during extreme phase separation and hence are an effective
method of ore-fluid oxidation, leading to large, local fluctuations in oxidation state. It is thus not necessary to invoke
mixing with oxidised magmatic fluids to explain δ34S signatures indicative of oxidation. In any case, available, robust geochronology in the Eastern Goldfields Province does
not support the direct involvement of oxidised magmatic fluids from adjacent granitic intrusions in orogenic gold genesis.
Thus, negative mean δ34S values and large variations in δ34S values of ore-related pyrites in world-class orogenic gold deposits are interpreted to result from multiple mechanisms of
gold precipitation from a single, ubiquitous ore fluid in varying structural settings, rather than from the involvement of
oxidised ore fluids from a different source. Such signatures are indicative, but not diagnostic, of anomalously large orogenic
gold systems.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
69.
Relationships between rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use in typical karst area,Southwest China 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
Yongjun Jiang Linli Li Chris Groves Daoxian Yuan Pat Kambesis 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2009,59(4):881-890
Karst rocky desertification is a typical type of land degradation in the Southwest China. An attempt was made to study quantitatively
the relationships between rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use through applying spatial analysis of Geographical
Information System in Nandong underground river system, a typical karst area, Southwest China. The spatial distribution of
rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use were obtained from interpreting Landsat Images in Nandong area in 2007
by supervised classifications, and verified and rectified through field survey. The results indicate that: (1) the total land
deserted area covers 378.3 km2, or 23.4% of the total area, of which intense, moderate and slight rocky desertification covers 269.46, 54.2, and 54.63 km2, respectively, in Nandong area. (2) There is an obvious effect of spatial pattern of land use on rocky desertification. With
the increase of elevation and slope, there is a higher occurrence ratio of rocky desertification in the cultivated land and
grass land. Also, more than half of total rocky desertification was dominated within the areas of 4 km from the construction
land, and 97% of total rocky desertification was dominated within the areas of 10 km from the construction land in Nandong
area. And what can be known from the data is that the primary effect distance of human on rocky desertification from the construction
land is 4 km, and the farthest effect distance of human on rocky desertification from the construction land is 10 km in Nandong
area. 相似文献
70.
L. G. Gwalani K. A. Rogers A. Demény D. I. Groves R. Ramsay A. Beard P. J. Downes A. Eves 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,98(1-4):123-141
The Yungul carbonatite dykes at Speewah in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were emplaced along a north-trending splay from the northeast-trending Greenvale Fault located at the western boundary of the Halls Creek Orogen. The Yungul carbonatite dykes intrude a thick composite sill of the Palaeoproterozoic Hart Dolerite (~1,790 Ma), consisting of tholeiitic dolerite and gabbro with its felsic differentiates that form the Yilingbun granophyres and associated granites. The carbonatite dykes consist of massive, calcite carbonatite that host very coarse, pegmatitic veins and pods of calcite, and have largely replaced (carbonatitized) and fenitized the country rock Hart Dolerite suite in a zone up to 150 m wide. Dykes of red-brown siliceous fluidized-breccia and epithermal-textured veins consisting of bladed quartz, adularia and fluorite are closely associated with the carbonatite dykes. The Yungul carbonatites are closely associated with fluorite occurrences with resources currently reported as 6.7 Mt at 24.6% CaF2. The precise age of the Yungul carbonatite is not known, although it is believed to be post early Cambrian. The total REE content of the Yungul carbonatite is low (174.0–492.8 ppm; La/Yb 2.28–10.74) and thus atypical for calciocarbonatite. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the carbonatite are relatively flat compared to average calciocarbonatite, and show small negative Eu anomalies. These unusual geochemical features may have been acquired from the Hart Dolerite suite during emplacement of the carbonatite, a process that involved extensive replacement and fenitization of country rocks. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of massive calcite carbonatite and the coarse calcite veins and pods from the carbonatite suggest a deep-seated origin. The C and O isotope compositions show an overall positive correlation that can be attributed to both magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal processes in their evolution. The magmatic δ13C-δ18O trend is also indicative of crustal contamination and/or low-temperature water/rock exchange. The carbon isotopic compositions have δ13C values that range from about ?5.2‰ to ?6.3‰ that support a mantle-derived origin for the Yungul carbonatites and are consistent with earlier conclusions based on whole-rock geochemistry and radiogenic isotopes studies. 相似文献