Methane exchange between coal-bearing basins and the atmosphere: the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Thomas Thielemann  Andreas Lücke  Gerhard H. Schleser  Ralf Littke   《Organic Geochemistry》2000,31(12):121

A precise knowledge of methane exchange processes is required to fully understand the recent rise of atmospheric methane concentration. Three of these processes take place at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary: bacterial consumption of methane and emission of bacterial or thermogenic methane. This study was initiated to quantify these processes on a regional scale in the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment. Since these areas are subject to bituminous coal and lignite mining, natural and anthropogenically-induced methane exchange processes could be studied. The methane emission and consumption rates and their carbon isotope signal were measured at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary using flux chambers. On most of the soils studied, methane consumption by bacteria was identified. Thermogenic methane was released only at some of the natural faults examined. In active and abandoned bituminous coal mining areas methane emissions were restricted to small areas, where high emission rates were measured. The carbon isotope composition of methane at natural faults and in mining subsidence troughs was typical of thermogenic methane (−45 to −32 ‰ δ¹³C). Methane exchange balancing revealed that natural methane emissions from these two basins represent no source of atmospheric importance. However, methane release by upcast mining shafts dominates the methane exchange processes and is by about two orders of magnitude greater than methane consumption by bacterial oxidation in the soils.  相似文献   

煤层气赋存的分形特征研究          下载免费PDF全文

王辰  冯增朝  周动  赵东  蔡婷婷 《地球物理学报》2019,62(9):3571-3579

本文利用红外热成像手段,对微小煤样内的甲烷吸附区进行了观察,并评估其吸附特征与在煤中的分布规律.研究表明煤中存在不同尺度与甲烷吸附能力的甲烷富集区,吸附/解吸甲烷时,甲烷富集区比邻近区域具有更明显的升温/降温现象.通过图像处理的方法对不同吸附压力条件下的红外热像图中的甲烷富集区进行提取,采用盒维数进行统计发现甲烷富集区符合分形规律.试验表明随着吸附压力升高,甲烷富集区的分形维数增大,分布初值减小.对两个不同煤田的煤层气富集区进行统计表明：从微米级到千米级尺度范围内,甲烷富集区分布具有分形特征,且分形维数均在1.5~2.00之间.  相似文献   

Characteristics of the Seismic Waves from a New Active Source Based on Methane Gaseous Detonation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

WANG Weitao  WANG Xiang  MENG Chuanmin  DONG Shi  WANG Zhigang  XIE Junju  WANG Baoshan  YANG Wei  XU Shanhui  WANG Tao 《中国地震研究》2019,33(2):354-366

Active seismic sources are critical for obtaining high resolution images of the subsurface. For active imaging in urban areas, environment friendly and green seismic sources are required. In present work, we introduce a new type of green active source based on the gaseous detonation of methane and oxygen. When fired in a closed container, the chemical reaction, i.e. gaseous detonation, will produce high pressure air over 150MPa. Seismic waves are produced when high pressure air is quickly released to impact the surroundings. The first field experiment of this active source was carried out in December, 2017 in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, where a series of active sources were excited to explore their potential in mine exploration. In current work, we analyzed the seismic waves recorded by near-field accelerators and a dense short-period seismic array and compared them with those from a mobile airgun source, another kind of active source by releasing high pressure air into water. The results demonstrate that it can be used for high resolution near surface imaging. Firstly, the gaseous detonation productions are harmless CO₂ and water, making it a green explosive source. Secondly, the dominant seismic frequencies are 10-80Hz and a single shot can be recorded up to 15km, making it suitable for local structure investigations. Thirdly, it can be excited in vertical wells, similar to traditional powder explosive sources. It can also act as an additional on-land active source to airgun sources, which requires a suitable water body as intermediate media to generate repeating signals. Moreover, the short duration and high frequency signature of the source signals make it safe with no damage to nearby buildings. These make it convenient to excite in urban areas. As a new explosive source, the excitation equipment and conditions, such as gas ratio, sink depth and air-releasing directions, need further investigation to improve seismic wave generation efficiency.  相似文献   

Konzentrationsprofile in Rotationsscheibenreaktoren und deren Modellierung am Beispiel des anaeroben Acetatabbaus mit experimenteller Überprüfung     

T. Breithaupt  U. Wiesmann 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(5):288-295

Concentration Profiles in Rotating Disc Reactors. Their Mathematical Model for the Anaerobic Digestion of Acetic Acid Including an Experimental Verification This paper presents rotating disc reactors for aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment. Unlike the activated sludge or contact processes, this reactor allows higher concentrations of biomass and lesser danger of the reactor becoming blocked. The reduced backmixing within the reactor leads to axial concentration profiles when continuously operated. These are presented for various biological processes. The axial concentration profiles generated during the continuous anaerobic degradation of acetic acid are measured and described by a mathematical model. A refined dispersion model is created on the basis of tracer experiments taking into account the actual construction of the reactor as well as the physical conditions in it. To determine the biodegradation a Haldane kinetics is used, in which the undissociated acetic acid is the substrate. The model takes into consideration all the local parameters (pH value, concentration of acetic acid, biomass, and ion activity). The difficult measurement of the concentration of the active biomass which is immobilized on the disk is accomplished by carrying out batch experiments. The results of the experiments are 22 concentration profiles with influent DOC concentrations from 200 to 2000 mg L^–1 which were measured and modelled. Some examples are shown to illustrate the influence of the ion activity and the refinement of the dispersion model.  相似文献   

Impact of experimental parameters for manometric equipment on CO₂ isotherms measured: Comment on “Inter-laboratory comparison II: CO₂ isotherms measured on moisture-equilibrated Argonne premium coals at 55°C and up to 15 MPa” by Goodman et al. (2007)     

Hongguan Yu  Weijia Guo  Jiulong Cheng  Qianting Hu 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2008,74(3-4):250-258

Modelling the sorption properties of coals for carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions is necessary for accurate prediction of the sequestering ability of coals in seams. We present recent data for sorption curves of three dry Argonne Premium coals, for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen at two different temperatures at pressures up to 15 MPa. The sorption capacity of coals tends to decrease with increasing temperature. An investigation into literature values for sorption of nitrogen and methane by charcoal also show sorption capacities that decrease dramatically with increasing temperature. This is inconsistent with expectations from Langmuir models of coal sorption, which predict a sorption capacity that is independent of temperature. We have successfully fitted the isotherms using a modified Dubinin–Radushkevich equation that uses gas density rather than pressure. A simple pore-filling model that assumes there is a maximum pore width that can be filled in supercritical conditions and that this maximum pore width decreases with increasing temperature, can explain this temperature dependence of sorption capacity. It can also explain why different supercritical gases give apparently different surface sorption capacities on the same material. The calculated heat of sorption for these gases on these coals is similar to those found for these gases on activated carbon.  相似文献   

Deep groundwater circulation and associated methane leakage in the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains     

《Applied Geochemistry》2016

Concern over potential impact of shale gas development on shallow groundwater systems requires greater understanding of crustal scale fluid movement. We examined natural deeply circulating groundwater systems in northeastern British Columbia adjacent to a region of shale gas development, in order to elucidate origin of waters, depths of circulation, and controls on fluid flow. These systems are expressed as thermal springs that occur in the deformed sedimentary rocks of the Liard Basin. Stable isotope data from these springs show that they originate as meteoric water. Although there are no thermal anomalies in the region, outlet temperatures range from 30 to 56 °C, reflecting depth of circulation. Based on aqueous geothermometry and geothermal gradients, circulation depths up to 3.8 km are estimated, demonstrating connection of deep groundwater systems to the surface. Springs are also characterised by leakage of thermogenic gas from deep strata that is partly attenuated by methanotrophic microbial communities in the spring waters. Springs are restricted to anomalous structural features, cross cutting faults, and crests of fault-cored anticlines. On a regional scale they are aligned with the major tectonic features of the Liard Line and Larsen Fault. This suggests that while connection of surface to deep reservoirs is possible, it is rare and restricted to highly deformed geologic units that produce permeable pathways from depth through otherwise thick intervening shale units. Results allow a better understanding of potential for communication between deep shale gas units and shallow aquifer systems.  相似文献   

Atmospheric remote sensing constraints on direct sea-air methane flux from the 22/4b North Sea massive blowout bubble plume     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2015

A new airborne remote sensing approach to estimate an upper limit of the direct sea-air methane emission flux was applied over the 22/4b blowout site located at N57.92°, E1.63° in the North Sea. Passive remote sensing data using sunglint/sunglitter geometry were collected during instrumental tests with the Methane Airborne MAPper – MAMAP – instrument installed aboard the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Polar-5 aircraft on 3. June 2011. MAMAP is a passive short wave infrared (SWIR) remote sensing spectrometer for airborne measurements and retrieval of the atmospheric column-averaged dry air mole fractions of methane (XCH₄) and carbon dioxide (XCO₂). In addition to MAMAP a fast CH₄ in-situ analyzer (Los-Gatos Research Inc. RMT-200), two 5-hole turbulence probes and the Polar-5 basic sensor suite comprising different temperature, pressure, humidity and camera sensors were installed aboard the aircraft. The collected MAMAP remote sensing data acquired in the vicinity of the 22/4b blowout site showed no detectable increase in the derived XCH₄ (with respect to the atmospheric background). Based on the absence of a detectable XCH₄ column increase, an approximate top-down upper-limit for the direct atmospheric 22/4b blowout CH₄ emissions from the main bubble plume of less than 10 ktCH₄/yr has been derived. The constraint has been determined by comparing XCH₄ information derived by the remote sensing measurements with results obtained from a Gaussian plume forward model simulation taking into account the actual flight track, the instrument sensitivity and measurement geometry, as well as the prevailing atmospheric conditions.  相似文献   

Ongoing methane discharge at well site 22/4b (North Sea) and discovery of a spiral vortex bubble plume motion     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2015

First direct evidence for ongoing gas seepage activity on the abandoned well site 22/4b (Northern North Sea, 57°55′ N, 01°38′ E) and discovery of neighboring seepage activity is provided from observations since 2005. A manned submersible dive in 2006 discovered several extraordinary intense seepage sites within a 60 m wide and 20 m deep crater cut into the flat 96 m deep seafloor. Capture and (isotope) chemical analyses of the gas bubbles near the seafloor revealed in situ concentrations of methane between 88 and 90%Vol. with δ¹³C–CH₄ values around −74‰ VPDB, indicating a biogenic origin. Bulk methane concentrations throughout the water column were assessed by 120 Niskin water samples showing up to 400.000 nM CH₄ in the crater at depth. In contrast, concentrations above the thermocline were orders of magnitude lower, with a median value of 20 nM. A dye tracer injection into the gas seeps revealed upwelling bubble and water motion with gas plume rise velocities up to ∼1 ms⁻¹ (determined near the seabed). However, the dissolved dye did not pass the thermocline, but returned down to the seabed. Measurements of direct bubble-mediated atmospheric flux revealed low values of 0.7 ± 0.3 kty⁻¹, much less than current state-of-the-art bubble dissolution models would predict for such a strong and upwelling in situ gas bubble flux at shallow water depths (i.e. ∼100 m).Acoustic multibeam water column imaging data indicate a pronounced 200 m lateral intrusion at the thermocline together with high methane concentration at this layer. A partly downward-orientated bubble plume motion is also visible in the acoustic data with potential short-circuiting in accordance to the dye experiment. This observation could partly explain the observed trapping of most of the released gas below the well-established thermocline in the North Sea. Moreover, 3D analyses of the multibeam water column data reveal that the upwelling plume transforms into a spiral expanding vortex while rising through the water column. Such a spiral vortex motion has never been reported before for marine gas seepage and might represent an important process with strong implication on plume dynamics, dissolution behavior, gas escape to the atmosphere, and is considered very important for respective modeling approaches.  相似文献   

季节性冻结高寒泥炭湿地非生长季甲烷排放特征初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王晓龙  张寒  姚志生  郑循华  张社奇 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(3):282-292

高寒泥炭湿地是重要的大气甲烷(CH_4)排放源。由于高寒湿地非生长季的气候条件极其恶劣,过去的原位观测研究大多集中在生长季,致使迄今仍对季节性冻土区高寒泥炭湿地的非生长季CH_4排放缺乏充分认识。以地处青藏高原东北部的若尔盖地区典型湿地为例,采用静态暗箱—气相色谱人工观测方法,开展了跨越冬、春季和初夏季连续9个月的原位观测研究,试图了解该湿地的非生长季CH_4排放特征及其相对重要性。结果与初步结论如下:(1)整个观测期间上午09:00(北京时间,下同)至11:00时段在6个空间重复位置的CH_4通量平均值介于0.1~1.0 mg C m~(-2) h~(-1);(2)非生长季也发生着较强CH_4排放,且温度响应系数Q_(10)(18.1~29.8)远远大于生长季(1.4~2.2),这意味着非生长季的CH_4排放对气候变暖更加敏感;(3)结合其他生长季的观测结果,对观测数据的外推估计,该湿地的CH_4年排放量约为29.4 kg C ha~(-1) a~(-1),其中非生长季的贡献率高达50%以上;(4)观测期的CH_4通量具有明显季节变化,可解释为温度季节变化、土壤冻结与消融过程、水位(或土壤湿度)季节动态和植物生长节律等共同作用的结果;(5)CH_4排放年通量在湿地三种微地形之间呈现出显著差异,即凸起处相对最弱,凹陷处相对最强(p0.05),这主要是水位(或土壤湿度)、植物分布等因素的空间差异所致;(6)考虑到三种微地形在整个湿地的面积占比时,凸起处、凹陷处和过渡带对整个湿地CH_4排放年通量的贡献率依次大约为16%、11%和73%。不过,本研究中原位观测的持续时间相对较短,上述结果或结论能否在年度或更长时间尺度上重现,还需要长期连续观测研究加以检验。  相似文献   

瓦斯抽放站防雷设计方案     

朱新民  王瑞  贺贇  李计萍  卫晋芳 《山西气象》2009,(3):27-31

瓦斯抽放站是易燃易爆场所,属于第二类防雷建筑物,瓦斯放空管是存在连续级释放源的区域,属于爆炸危险区域的0区,为一类防雷。因此我们要做好瓦斯抽放站的防雷防静电措施,确保瓦斯抽放站及煤矿生产的安全运行。本文从雷电危害人手,针对瓦斯抽放站的不同区域及雷击的几种类型,依据相关规范技术标准,对瓦斯抽放站的防雷方案进行了设计。  相似文献