Snow accumulation distribution inferred from time‐lapse photography and simple modelling     

Daniel Farinotti  Jan Magnusson  Matthias Huss  Andreas Bauder 《水文研究》2010,24(15):2087-2097

The spatial and temporal distribution of snow accumulation is complex and significantly influences the hydrological characteristics of mountain catchments. Many snow redistribution processes, such as avalanching, slushflow or wind drift, are controlled by topography, but their modelling remains challenging. In situ measurements of snow accumulation are laborious and generally have a coarse spatial or temporal resolution. In this respect, time‐lapse photography shows itself as a powerful tool for collecting information at relatively low cost and without the need for direct field access. In this paper, the snow accumulation distribution of an Alpine catchment is inferred by adjusting a simple snow accumulation model combined with a temperature index melt model to match the modelled melt‐out pattern evolution to the pattern monitored during an ablation season through terrestrial oblique photography. The comparison of the resulting end‐of‐winter snow water equivalent distribution with direct measurements shows that the achieved accuracy is comparable with that obtained with an inverse distance interpolation of the point measurements. On average over the ablation season, the observed melt‐out pattern can be reproduced correctly in 93% of the area visible from the fixed camera. The relations between inferred snow accumulation distribution and topographic variables indicate large scatter. However, a significant correlation with local slope is found and terrain curvature is detected as a factor limiting the maximal snow accumulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial interpolation of snow water equivalency using surface observations and remotely sensed images of snow‐covered area     

Brian J. Harshburger  Karen S. Humes  Von P. Walden  Troy R. Blandford  Brandon C. Moore  Raymond J. Dezzani 《水文研究》2010,24(10):1285-1295

As demand for water continues to escalate in the western Unites States, so does the need for accurate monitoring of the snowpack in mountainous areas. In this study, we describe a simple methodology for generating gridded‐estimates of snow water equivalency (SWE) using both surface observations of SWE and remotely sensed estimates of snow‐covered area (SCA). Multiple regression was used to quantify the relationship between physiographic variables (elevation, slope, aspect, clear‐sky solar radiation, etc.) and SWE as measured at a number of sites in a mountainous basin in south‐central Idaho (Big Wood River Basin). The elevation of the snowline, obtained from the SCA estimates, was used to constrain the predicted SWE values. The results from the analysis are encouraging and compare well to those found in previous studies, which often utilized more sophisticated spatial interpolation techniques. Cross‐validation results indicate that the spatial interpolation method produces accurate SWE estimates [mean R² = 0·82, mean mean absolute error (MAE) = 4·34 cm, mean root mean squared error (RMSE) = 5·29 cm]. The basin examined in this study is typical of many mid‐elevation mountainous basins throughout the western United States, in terms of the distribution of topographic variables, as well as the number and characteristics of sites at which the necessary ground data are available. Thus, there is high potential for this methodology to be successfully applied to other mountainous basins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Etude isotopique de la pluie et de la neige sur le Mont Liban: premiers résultats / Isotope study of snow and rain on Mount Lebanon: preliminary results     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3)

Résumé

Résumé Quelques analyses isotopiques préliminaires ont été réalisées sur les précipitations pluvio-neigeuses, sur un profil de neige et sur deux sources karstiques sur le Mont Liban. Elles confirment la variabilité saisonnière du signal atmosphérique et en particulier que l’excès en deutérium est en relation avec l’origine des masses d’air et avec les recharges de vapeur sur la Méditerranée. Elles montrent également une relative stabilité du signal isotopique du couvert neigeux, peu ou pas influencé par les phénomènes de sublimation, d’évaporation ou de fonte/regel. La participation progressive de la fonte du manteau neigeux à l’alimentation des sources karstiques est qualitativement observée.  相似文献   

Snow cover and snowmelt of an extensive High Arctic wetland: spatial and temporal seasonal patterns     

Jane Assini 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):738-755

Abstract

This study examined the end-of-winter snow storage, its distribution and the spatial and temporal melt patterns of a large, low gradient wetland at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada. The project utilized a combination of field observations and a physically-based snowmelt model. Topography and wind were the major controls on snow distribution in the region, and snow was routinely scoured from the hilltop regions and deposited into hillslopes and valleys. Timing and duration of snowmelt at Polar Bear Pass were similar in 2008 and 2009. The snowmelt was initiated by an increase in air temperature and net radiation receipt. Inter-annual variability in spatial snowmelt patterns was evident at Polar Bear Pass and was attributed to a non-uniform snow cover distribution and local microclimate conditions. In situ field studies and modelling remain important in High Arctic regions for assessing wetland water budgets and runoff, in addition to model parameterization and validation of satellite imagery.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Assini, J. and Young, K.L., 2012. Snow cover and snowmelt of an extensive High Arctic wetland: spatial and temporal seasonal patterns. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 738–755.  相似文献   

Monitoring over‐winter soil water dynamics in a freezing and snow‐covered environment using a thermally insulated tensiometer     

Yukiyoshi Iwata  Tomoyoshi Hirota 《水文研究》2005,19(15):3013-3019

Water potential below a frozen soil layer was continuously monitored over an entire winter period (using thermally insulated tensiometers sheltered in a heated chamber) along with other soil, snow and atmospheric variables. In early winter, the freezing front advanced under a thin snow cover, inducing upward soil water flow in the underlying unfrozen soil. The freezing front started to retreat when the snow cover became thick enough to insulate the soil, resulting in the reversal of the flow direction in the unfrozen zone. These data provide a clear illustration of soil water dynamics, which have rarely been monitored with a tensiometer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

近50 年云南区域气候变化特征分析   总被引：37，自引：3，他引：34  

程建刚  解明恩 《地理科学进展》2008,27(5):19-26

利用云南气温和降水资料, 分析了云南气候变化特征及强降水极端天气和高温干旱事件对全球气候变暖的响应。以云南香格里拉、西双版纳、昆明地区为代表, 分析了区域气象要素变化趋势。结果表明: 云南近50 年气温变化与全球、北半球、中国变化趋势基本一致, 气温变化幅度略大于全球, 弱于北半球和全国变化。云南20 世纪80 年代中后期以后出现增暖现象, 以90 年代后期增温最明显, 1986 年以来出现13 年暖冬, 大部分地区冬春季降霜日数减少。随气候变暖, 香格里拉地区降雪日数呈下降趋势, 西双版纳地区雾日明显减少, 全省降雨日数逐渐减少, 大雨频率变化不大, 暴雨、大暴雨频率上升, 高温干旱事件频率增加。进入21 世纪以后, 云南降水减少, 高温干旱事件有增强增多趋势, 由2～3 年一遇变为1～2 年一遇。2005 年春夏连旱和2006 年春旱是云南近50 年和20 年来最严重的旱灾。  相似文献   

关中平原清代霜雪灾害特点与周期研究     

赵景波  陈颖  周旗 《地球科学与环境学报》2012,(3):75-82

通过对关中平原清代历史文献资料的搜集、整理和小波分析,对该区清代霜雪灾害等级、周期及其成因进行了研究,并恢复了该区清代霜雪灾害发生时的最低气温.结果表明:关中平原清代共发生霜雪灾害34次,其中轻度、中度、重度霜雪灾害分别为2、20、12次;关中平原清代霜雪灾害可分为3个阶段,1644~1733年为第1阶段,1734~1823年为第2阶段,1824~1912年为第3阶段;第1和第3阶段为霜雪灾害多发阶段,以中度和重度灾害为主,第2阶段为霜雪灾害少发阶段,以轻度和中度灾害为主;小波分析表明,关中平原清代霜雪灾害的发生存在不同的时间周期规律,其周期主要有9~15年、13年、34年左右和40年左右;降雪或寒流引起的气温骤降至0℃以下是造成关中平原清代霜雪灾害的主要原因;关中平原清代轻度和中度霜雪灾害的气温范围为-6.4℃~-1℃,重度的气温范围一般为-19℃~-17℃;关中平原清代共发生3次寒冷气候事件,分别为1690~1692年、1861~1865年和1893~1895年.  相似文献   

Chemical characteristics and environmental significance of fresh snow deposition on Urumqi Glacier No. 1 of Tianshan Mountains, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Zhongqin Li  Huilin Li  Zhiwen Dong  Mingjun Zhang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2010,20(5):389-397

Ice and snow chemistry of alpine glaciers is crucial for the research of regional atmospheric environment change. Fresh snow samples were weekly collected from Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains, Xin- jiang, China, and the chemical characteristics and seasonal variations of major ions, mineral dust, δ18O and trace metals were measured. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow are Ca2+ SO42- NH4+ NO3- Cl- Na+ Mg2+ K+, in which Ca2+ is the dominant cation, and SO42-is the dominant anion. All major ions have close positive correlations with each other except NO3-. δ18O shows positive correlation with air temperature change during the study period. Mineral dust particle and major ionic concentrations in fresh snow have obvious seasonal change, with high concentration in spring but low concentration in summer and autumn, which indicates that the chemical mass input from Asian dust activity to snow is very significant. Temporal changes of trace metals in fresh snow, e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, have shown that human-induced pollution of central Asian region also has large contribution to the snow chemistry on alpine glaciers of the Tianshan Mountains.  相似文献   

风雪共同作用下膜结构雪压分布规律的数值模拟研究     

孙芳锦  殷志祥 《地震学刊》2010,(1):83-87

对膜结构在风雪共同作用下的雪压分布规律进行了数值模拟研究。首先采用两相流原理对雪漂运动中的空气相和雪相分别进行了数值建模,然后采用CFD数值模拟技术,研究了在风雪共同作用下双坡型膜结构表面的雪荷载分布规律,分析了双坡型膜结构的重要几何参数变化时,雪漂及屋面雪荷载分布的变化规律,总结了双坡型膜屋面在风雪共同作用下的雪压分布规律。结果表明,屋面倾角和屋面宽度是影响风雪共同作用下膜结构表面雪压分布的重要因素,檐口高度和屋面长度是影响膜结构表面雪压分布的次要因素。本文研究为更安全、经济地进行膜结构的抗风雪设计、施工提供了可靠的科学依据。  相似文献   

A comparison of annual and seasonal carbon dioxide effluxes between sub-Arctic Sweden and High-Arctic Svalbard     

Mats P. Björkman  Elke Morgner  Robert G. Björk  Elisabeth J. Cooper  Bo Elberling  & Leif Klemedtsson 《Polar research》2010,29(1):75-84

Recent climate change predictions suggest altered patterns of winter precipitation across the Arctic. It has been suggested that the presence, timing and quantity of snow all affect microbial activity, thus influencing CO₂ production in soil. In this study annual and seasonal emissions of CO₂ were estimated in High-Arctic Adventdalen, Svalbard, and sub-Arctic Latnjajaure, Sweden, using a new trace gas-based method to track real-time diffusion rates through the snow. Summer measurements from snow-free soils were made using a chamber-based method. Measurements were obtained from different snow regimes in order to evaluate the effect of snow depth on winter CO₂ effluxes. Total annual emissions of CO₂ from the sub-Arctic site (0.662–1.487 kg CO₂ m^–2 yr^–1) were found to be more than double the emissions from the High-Arctic site (0.369–0.591 kg CO₂ m^–2 yr^–1). There were no significant differences in winter effluxes between snow regimes or vegetation types, indicating that spatial variability in winter soil CO₂ effluxes are not directly linked to snow cover thickness or soil temperatures. Total winter emissions (0.004–0.248 kg CO₂ m^–2) were found to be in the lower range of those previously described in the literature. Winter emissions varied in their contribution to total annual production between 1 and 18%. Artificial snow drifts shortened the snow-free period by 2 weeks and decreased the annual CO₂ emission by up to 20%. This study suggests that future shifts in vegetation zones may increase soil respiration from Arctic tundra regions.  相似文献