OPA 90's impact at reducing oil spills     

Anthony C. Homan  Todd Steiner   《Marine Policy》2008,32(4):711-718

OPA 90 set out stringent requirements and liabilities for tankers operating in US national waters. OPA 90 was in response to the public concern caused by the grounding of the Exxon Valdez in 1989. It made ship owners responsible for the cost of pollution incidents and required all tank ships/barges operating in US waters have double hulls by 2015. We model factors influencing oil spills and test whether OPA 90 helped reduce the number of those spills. After accounting for causal factors, both increased liability and double hulls were statistically significant factors in reducing the number of spills.  相似文献   

Stellar and HI Mass Functions Predicted by a Simple Preheating Galaxy Formation Model     

Zhi-Jian Luo Cheng-Gang Shu 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(4):590-594

According to the new preheating mechanism of galaxy formation suggested by Mo et al., we construct a simple model of formation of disk galaxies within the current paradigm of galaxy formation. It incorporates preheating, gas cooling, bulge formation and star for-mation. The predicted stellar and HI mass functions of galaxies are discussed and compared with the observations. It is found that our model can roughly match both the observed galaxy luminosity function and the observed HI-mass function.  相似文献   

Cross-Correlation Detection of Point Sources in the WMAP First Year Data     

Jian-Yin Nie  Shuang-Nan Zhang  Department of Physics  Center for Astrophysics  Tsinghua University  Beijing  Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics  Institute of High Energy Physics  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(2):199-208

We apply a Cross-Correlation (CC) method developed previously for detecting gamma-ray point sources to the WMAP first year data by using the Point-Spread Function of WMAP and obtain a full sky CC coefficient map. We find that the CC method is a pow- erful tool to examine the WMAP foreground residuals which can be further cleaned accord- ingly. Evident foreground signals are found in the WMAP foreground cleaned maps and the Tegmark cleaned map. In this process 101 point sources are detected, and 26 of them are new sources additional to the originally listed WMAP 208 sources. We estimate the ?ux of these new sources and verify them by another method. As a result, a revised mask file based on the WMAP first year data is produced by including these new sources.  相似文献   

CO Clouds around SNR G21.8-0.6 and G32.8-0.1     

Jian-Jun Zhou Xi-Zheng Zhang Hong-Bo Zhang Jarken Esimbek Ju-Yong Zhang Bing-Gang Ju 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(5):705-711

We made the first CO(I—0) mapping to SNR G21.8-0.6 and SNR G32.8-0.1, both associated with OH 1720 MHz maser.Based on the morphological correspondence and velocity and position agreement between the radio remnant and the CO clouds,we tentatively identify the clouds that are respectively interacting with the two SNRs.  相似文献   

Eruption of an Active-Region Filament Driven by an Emerging Bipole     

Yun-Chun Jiang  Yuan-Deng Shen  Jing-Xiu Wang National Astronomical Observatories / Yunnan Observatory  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Kunming  National Astronomical Observatories  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(1):129-140

1 INTRODUCTION Filaments are cool, dense material suspended in the hot, tenuous corona. It is widely accepted that the global magnetic field surrounding the filaments plays a key role in their formation, structure and stability (Tandberg-Hanssen1995). Fil…  相似文献   

锦州25—1区块探井钻井实践与认识     

魏刚  ;刘小刚  ;陶林  ;张春琳 《海洋地质译丛》2009,(3):71-74

锦州25—1油田是渤海湾近年钻探发现的大型油田。锦州25—1区块先后钻了十多口探井，在钻井作业中遇到上部井眼扩大严重、井径不规则、井垮、起下钻遏阻卡、电测作业遏阻、电测井底沉砂较多、井漏等复杂情况。通过对锦州25—1区块前面几口探井钻井中出现的问题进行认真分析，研究了锦州25—1区块的地层压力剖面分布。经过不断的总结与措施改进后，在后面的探井钻井作业中做到了起下钻顺利，上部井径扩大率较小，未出现井垮情况，电测一次到底，钻井作业生产时间大幅度提高，为锦州25—1油田的生产井钻井积累了宝贵的经验。  相似文献   

Disk Thicknesses and Some Parameters of 108 Non-Edge-On Spiral Galaxies     

Tao Hu Qiu-He Peng Hong-Shi Zong 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(4):579-589

We present disk thicknesses, some other parameters and their statistics of 108 non-edge-on spiral galaxies. The method for determining the disk thickness is based on solving Poisson's equation for a disturbance of matter density in three-dimensional spiral galaxies. From the spiral arms found we could obtain the pitch angles, the inclination of the galactic disk, and the position of the innermost point (the forbidden region with radius r 0 to the galactic center) of the spiral arm, and finally the thickness.  相似文献   

Eclipses and Occultations of Galilean Satellites Observed at Yunnan Observatory in 2003     

Benot Noyelles 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(2):317-324

We describe and analyze observations of mutual events of Galilean satellites made at the Yunnan Observatory in February 2003 from CCD imaging for the first time in China. Astrometric positions were deduced from these photometric observations by modelling the relative motion and the photometry of the involved satellites during each event.  相似文献   

A Statistical Study of Rapid Sunspot Structure Change Associated with Flares     

Wei-Zhong Chen Chang Liu Hui Song Na Deng Chang-Yi Tan Hai-Min Wang 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(5):733-742

We reported recently some rapid changes of sunspot structure in white-light(WL) associated with major flares.We extend the study to smaller events and present here results of a statistical study of this phenomenon.In total,we investigate 403 events from 1998 May 9 to 2004 July 17,including 40 X-class,174 M-class,and 189 C-class flares.By monitoring the structure of the flaring active regions using the WL observations from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer(TRACE),we find that segments in the outer sunspot structure decayed rapidly right after many flares;and that,on the other hand,the central part of sunspots near the flare-associated magnetic neutral line became darkened.These rapid and permanent changes are evidenced in the time profiles of WL mean intensity and are not likely resulted from the flare emissions.Our study further shows that the outer sunspot structure decay as well as the central structure darkening are more likely to be detected in larger solar flares.For X-class flares,over 40% events show distinct sunspot structure change.For M-and C-class flares,this percentage drops to 17% and 10%,respectively.The results of this statistical study support our previously proposed reconnection picture,i.e.,the flare-related magnetic fields evolve from a highly inclined to a more vertical configuration.  相似文献   

A Model for Contact Binary Systems     

Han-Feng Song Run-Qian Huang Shao-Lan Bi 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(4):539-550

A model for contact binary systems is presented, which incorporates the following special features: a) The energy exchange between the components is based on the understand-ing that the energy exchange is due to the release of potential, kinetic and thermal energies of the exchanged mass. b) A special form of mass and angular momentum loss occurring in contact binaries is losses via the outer Lagrangian point. c) The effects of spin, orbital rota-tion and tidal action on the stellar structure as well as the effect of meridian circulation on the mixing of the chemical elements are considered. d) The model is valid not only for low-mass contact binaries but also for high-mass contact binaries. For illustration, we used the model to trace the evolution of a massive binary system consisting of one 12M and one 5M star. The result shows that the start and end of the contact stage fall within the semi-detached phase during which the primary continually transfers mass to the secondary. The time span of the contact stage is short and the mass transfer rate is very large. Therefore, the contact stage can be regarded as a special part of the semi-detached phase with a large mass transfer rate. Both mass loss through the outer Lagrangian point and oscillation between contact and semi-contact states can occur during the contact phase, and the effective temperatures of the primary and the secondary are almost equal.  相似文献