南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区高压泥质麻粒岩的确定及其地质意义   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1  

曹玉亭  刘良  王超  康磊  杨文强  梁莎  廖小莹  王亚伟 《岩石学报》2013,29(5):1727-1739

南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区出露一套典型的高压泥质麻粒岩,其峰期特征矿物组合为Grt+ Ky+ Kfs+Qz+Ilm.根据矿物内部一致性热力学数据和Thermocalc3.33程序计算,确定其峰期变质温压条件为T＞850℃和P＞11kbar.结合岩相学研究和P-T视剖面图计算,可识别出该岩石经历了3个阶段的变质演化,构成了一个早期降温降压,后期近等压降温的顺时针型的退变质P-T演化轨迹.该岩石锆石阴极发光图像显示其内部具有明显的核-边结构,核部为残留的原岩碎屑锆石,边部则表现为面状生长的变质锆石的特征.微区原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和锆石U-Pb定年表明,该岩石原岩的形成时代上限值约为579Ma,变质年龄为486±5Ma.该麻粒岩与南阿尔金淡水泉地区的高压麻粒岩具有相似变质演化轨迹和一致的峰期变质年龄,亦与南阿尔金其它超高压岩石的峰期变质年龄一致,表明它们都是南阿尔金陆壳深俯冲作用引发的高压-超高压变质事件的产物,它们共同构成南阿尔金高压-超高压变质带.同时代的UHP榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩共存的现象,可以很好地利用“俯冲隧道模型”来解释,即可能是由于陆壳在深俯冲过程中不同深度不同热状态下发生拆离作用后折返引起的.另外,该麻粒岩的原岩形成时代(约为579Ma),可能为新元古代晚期,与南阿尔金高压-超高压岩石的原岩形成时代基本一致或稍晚,因此不应再作为岩石地层单元划归为“长城系”,而应归属为南阿尔金高压-超高压变质岩带的一部分.  相似文献   

三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道内部结构单元三维建模   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

尹艳树  张昌民  尹太举  俞宸 《地质论评》2013,59(3):544-550

以大庆萨尔图油田北三区西部西块SⅡ12小层典型三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道为例,进行了三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道内部结构单元建模。首先根据高弯曲分流河道沉积层次性,以及河流弯曲机理,解剖了分流河道内部结构,识别出点坝以及侧积层单元,提取了侧积层形态参数和统计参数。其次采用椭球形方程建立了侧积层平面数学函数表达式,采用直线方程描述侧积层剖面形态,从而建立侧积层空间三维几何形态。最后,分两步建立了高弯度分流河道内部结构单元三维地质模型。首先采用序贯指示建模建立分流河道微相模型;随后根据侧积层数学模型描述侧积层空间分布。并在分流河道微相内部将侧积层模型嵌入,形成精细的高弯曲分流河道内部结构模型。以此思路为指导建立了SⅡ12小层结构模型,以此结构模型为基础的储层参数模型很好地再现了点坝内部侧积层对流体渗流的遮挡,为油藏数值模拟和剩余油挖潜奠定了基础。  相似文献   

Observations and conceptual modelling of morphological coupling in a double sandbar system     

Timothy D. Price  B. G. Ruessink 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(5):477-489

Nearshore sandbars, located in <10 m water depth, can contain remarkably periodic alongshore undulations in both cross‐shore position and depth. In a double sandbar system, the alongshore spacing of these morphological patterns in the inner sandbar may be identical to those in the outer sandbar. Although this morphological coupling has been observed previously, its frequency and predominance remain unclear. In this paper, we use a 9.3‐year dataset of daily low‐tide time exposure images from the double‐barred beach at Surfers Paradise (Gold Coast, Australia) to analyse the temporal and spatial characteristics of morphological coupling within a double sandbar system. We distinguish five types of morphological coupling between the inner and outer sandbars, of which four coincide with a downstate progression of the outer bar. Coupling is either in‐phase (with a landward perturbation of the inner bar facing an outer‐bar horn) or out‐of‐phase (with a seaward perturbation of the inner bar facing an outer‐bar horn), where the coupled inner‐bar features either consist of rip channels or, predominantly, perturbations of the low‐tide terrace. Cross‐correlation of the image‐derived inner‐ and outer‐bar patterns shows coupling to be a common phenomenon in the double sandbar system studied here, with coupling in 40% of the observations. In contrast to previous observations of sandbar–shoreline coupling at single‐barred beaches, in‐phase coupling (85% of all coupled bar patterns) predominates over out‐of‐phase coupling (15%). Based on our observations and bathymetries assimilated from the images for a restricted set of coupling events, we hypothesize that the angle of offshore wave incidence, wave height and depth variations along the outer sandbar determine the type of flow pattern (cell circulations versus meandering currents) above the inner bar and hence steer the type of coupling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Channel network extent in the context of historical land use,flow generation processes,and landscape evolution in the North Carolina Piedmont     

Anne J. Jefferson  Ralph W. McGee 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(6):601-613

Intensive agricultural land use in the 18th to early 20th centuries on the southeastern Piedmont resulted in substantial soil erosion and gully development. Today, many historically farmed areas have been abandoned and afforested, and such landscapes are an opportunity to study channel network recovery from disturbance by gullying. Channel initiation mapping, watershed area–slope relationships, and field monitoring of flow generation processes are used to identify channel network extent and place it in hydrologic, historical and landscape evolution context. In six study areas in the North Carolina Piedmont, 100 channel heads were mapped in fully‐forested watersheds, revealing a channel initiation relationship of 380 = AS^1.27, where A is contributing area (m²) and S is local slope (m/m). Flow in these channels is generated by subsurface and overland flow. The measured relative slope exponent is lower than expected based on literature values of ~2 for forested watersheds with subsurface and overland flow, suggesting that the channel network extent may reflect a former hydrological regime. However, geomorphic evidence of recovery in channel heads within fully forested watersheds is greater than those with present day pasture. Present day channel heads lie within hollows or downslope of unchanneled valleys, which may be remnants of historical gullies, and area–slope relationships provide evidence of colluvial aggradation within the valleys. Channel network extent appears to be sensitive to land use change, with recovery beginning within decades of afforestation. Channel initiation mapping and area–slope relationships are shown to be useful tools for interpreting geomorphic effects of land use change. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

ENVIRONMENTS OF AEOLIAN DEPOSITION IN SOUTH-CENTRAL NEBRASKA DURING THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM     

Zhao-Dong Feng  William C. Johnson  Robert F. Diffendal Jr. 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):249-261

The Peoria Loess of south-central Nebraska, deposited approximately during the Last Glacial Maximum, can be subdivided into three zones: an upper laminated loess and a lower massive loess, separated by a dark gley zone in which bison bones and spruce charcoal are found. The lower Peoria unit is characterized by high organic matter content, relatively high bulk density, and common root channels. The upper Peoria unit has rhythmic patterns of two orders: strongly gleyed and weakly gleyed zones alternating in couplets about 2–5 m thick, and coarse- and fine-grained laminae of second order, about 2–4 mm thick. The strongly gleyed zones are relatively low in magnetic susceptibility and contain lenses with abundant fossil plant debris. They may have formed in active zones on top of permafrost during relatively cold and probably moist intervals, with magnetic susceptibility secondarily lowered in the redox environment. Magnetic susceptibility also indicates the possible existence of first-order rhythmic patterns in the lower massive loess. Each of the ten susceptibility oscillations within Peoria Loess has a mean duration of about 1000 years, assuming that the loess was deposited between approximately 20,000–22,000 and 10,000–10,500 yr BP. The second-order laminae, close to the expected mean annual accumulation rate of Peoria Loess, may be due to seasonal variation in wind intensity or to secondary grain sorting of niveoeolian deposits. [Key words: Peoria Loess, dust, Great Plains, Last Glacial Maximum.]  相似文献   

Evaluating the effectiveness of road‐crossing drainage culverts in ephemeral streams     

C. Conesa‐García  R. García‐Lorenzo 《水文研究》2013,27(12):1781-1796

The present study proposes a method for evaluating the effectiveness of road‐crossing drainage culverts in ephemeral streams. This approach is focused on estimating the culvert capacity in road–stream crossings and the probable runoff generated on the road from hydrological thresholds associated with hydromorphological criteria. In particular, discharges at bankfull and flood‐prone stages have been used in combination with 2.5 and 100‐year peak discharges. Different hydraulic variables have been considered for calculating the discharge through culverts under these conditions (e.g. tailwater and headwater depth, inlet control, pipe roughness, pipe cross‐area and slope, pipe outlet velocity, critical water depth, and flow rate over the road). Geomorphological factors such as bed stability, bed load transport, and channel roughness have also been considered because of their potential for obstructing the drains in this type of channel. In addition, a potential obstruction index (PI_OBSTR) has been calculated, as a dependent parameter of the obstacle index (I_OBST) and the potential build‐up of coarse sediments (PB_CS). The study has been carried out on the Mediterranean coast in the region of Murcia (Spain), where there are numerous examples of road–stream crossings equipped with culverts in ephemeral channels that could cause highly dangerous situations for road traffic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The sandy channel-lobe depositional systems in the Gulf of Cadiz: Gravity processes forced by contour current processes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

V. Hanquiez  T. Mulder  P. Lecroart  E. Marchès 《Sedimentary Geology》2010,229(3):110-123

The sedimentation in the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic Ocean) is significantly controlled by the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). Along its pathway onto the continental slope, the MOW is canalized by contourite channels, some of them feeding gravity sandy channel-lobe depositional systems firstly recognized in previous study [Habgood et al., 2003. Deep-water sediment wave fields, bottom current sand channels and gravity flow channel-lobe systems: Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic. Sedimentology 50(3), 483-510.].Using very high resolution acoustic data and cores, a detailed characterization and a new evolution pattern of these channel-lobe depositional systems is established. Complex internal geometry of the lobes shows several depositional units revealing a polyphase evolution of these systems, with a general progradation punctuated by retrogradation and avulsion phases. A gravity origin controlled by contouritic processes and climatic changes is demonstrated for the feeding and the evolution of these sandy channel-lobe depositional systems. Climate oscillations, via the MOW variations, act as a major forcing of the activity of the channel-lobe depositional systems during the Late Quaternary.  相似文献   

利用FY-2C卫星数据反演云辐射特性   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

周青  赵凤生  高文华 《大气科学》2010,34(4):827-842

本文利用FY-2C静止卫星提供的可见光、中红外和热红外观测数据, 开展了水云光学厚度、粒子有效半径和云顶温度的云参数遥感探测理论和反演方法研究。基于FY-2C可见光、中红外(3.75 μm)与热红外(11 μm)通道辐射率对云光学厚度、 云滴有效半径、云顶温度辐射参数的敏感性分析, 提出三通道同时反演云的光学厚度、云滴有效半径及云顶温度的迭代方案; 通过个例分析进行了云参数反演试验, 并将结果与MODIS的云反演产品进行了对比, 最后对反演误差进行了分析。主要结论如下:(1) 个例反演得到的云参数与各通道探测数据有着较好的对应关系, 迭代计算标准偏差在允许的计算精度范围内(<0.89%), 反演结果具有合理性; (2) 通过与MODIS云反演产品的对比可以看到, 两者云光学厚度、云滴有效半径的均值和直方图分布都非常一致, 而MODIS的云顶温度比FY-2C反演值要高, 考虑到FY-2C的 11 μm通道测量的辐射值与MODIS相比偏小, 因此认为我们的反演方法与MODIS方法的精度是相当的。  相似文献   

断裂输导流体的机制及输导形式探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙同文  付广  吕延防  赵荣 《地质论评》2012,58(6):1081-1090

张性正断层断裂带一般具有二分结构,即断层核和破裂带,断层核伴生裂缝、连通孔隙及破裂带诱导裂缝均可作为输导流体的通道.断裂活动具有幕式的特征,一次活动周期可以分为活动期、活动—间歇过渡期和间歇期3个阶段,断裂活动期以伴生裂缝为优势输导通道,一般以“地震泵”控制下的幕式运移机制为主;活动间歇期输导能力较弱,通道为连通孔隙,遵循浮力控制下的缓慢渗流机制;而活动—间歇过渡期兼具有活动期和间歇期的部分特征,主要输导通道为破裂带诱导裂缝.断裂输导具有3个方向的运移分量,即沿断裂纵向方向、沿断裂走向方向和横穿断层面方向,与此相对应,目前断裂输导形式分为“2型4类”,包括沿断层面输导和横穿断层面输导两大类型,其中,沿断层面输导型又可分为沿断裂纵向向上输导、沿断裂走向输导和沿断裂向下“倒灌”式输导3类.沿断裂纵向向上输导是目前最重要的断裂输导形式,进一步分为3种亚类,即线性输导、“Y”形输导和似花状输导,似花状输导所占比例最大.具体的输导形式及方向取决于活动时期断裂与两侧地层的配置关系及多种运移动力、阻力的矢量合.  相似文献   

A comparison of average rates of alluvial erosion between the south‐western and south‐eastern United States     

Kristin L. Jaeger  Ellen Wohl  Andrew Simon 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(4):447-459

Alluvial channel bed incision and bank widening have been reported in both the south‐western and south‐eastern US throughout the past century. Distinct regional differences in climate and landscape properties likely influence the rate of erosion. This study discusses regional differences in hydraulic driving forces and substrate resistance and tests the hypothesis that regional differences exist in average rates of channel incision, bank erosion, and knickpoint retreat. Specifically, we hypothesize that erosion rates are higher in south‐western US streams and reason that this is because of greater flood magnitudes and limited substrate resistance. A review of the literature documenting incision, bank erosion, and knickpoint retreat, however, indicates that intra‐regional differences are larger than inter‐regional differences and that average rates in the south‐western US are either statistically similar or less than the rates in parts of the south‐eastern US. This could either be a result of strong intra‐regional hydroclimatic and substrate variability or because average erosion rate may not be an appropriate metric for inter‐regional comparisons because of the variability between case studies associated with the field methods to measure erosion, duration of study period, and time since disturbance to the channel. Nevertheless, these findings provide a basis for future evaluations of the relative importance of different controls on driving and resisting forces in these and other landscapes characterized by rapid channel incision and arroyo formation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献