Critical pollution levels in Umguza River,Zimbabwe     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

In most countries worldwide regulatory bodies set effluent discharge limits into rivers and other natural water bodies. These limits specify the maximum permissible concentration of defined pollutants that may be discharged into the water body. This limit is conceptually based on the self-purification (assimilative) capacity of the receiving water. However, this self-purification constant is itself a function of the water's pollutant loading. Umguza River situated south west of Zimbabwe, is fed by tributaries that drain an urban catchment and as such is prone to pollution due to human activities in the catchment. This study investigated the levels of pollution in Umguza River that would affect its self-purification capacity. This was achieved by characterising the spatial distribution of a selected range of water quality parameters as well as determining the self-purification capacity of a stretch of the river. Critical pollutant concentrations were determined for some of the parameters that showed high values along the stretch. The selected parameters of interest were dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, phosphates, nitrates, COD, turbidity, ammonia, pH, alkalinity and temperature. The study was carried out from January 2014 to April 2014. The self-purification capacity was determined using a formula that compares the mass flux of a pollutant upstream and downstream of the selected stretch of the river. Statistical analysis was used to establish relationships between the pollutants and the self-purification capacity of the river. The study found that the levels of ammonia and phosphates were very high compared to the regulated limits (2 mg/l vs 0.5 mg/l; and 8 mg/l vs 0.5 mg/l respectively). It was also found that the self-purification capacity varied significantly across pollutants. It was therefore concluded that a critical pollutant concentration exists above which the river completely loses its natural ability to assimilate and decrease its pollutant load over time. It was also concluded that the self-purification capacity depends on the pollutant of concern in the river. It is recommended that the self-purification capacity of a river be determined before regulatory bodies set effluent discharge limits. It is also recommended that the water quality of water bodies draining pollution prone catchments be monitored regularly, besides just monitoring the discharge points.  相似文献   

基于吸收峰加权的岩矿光谱匹配方法研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

黄婷婷  韦志辉  修连存  吴泽彬 《岩矿测试》2011,30(5):584-589

基于高光谱图像的矿物识别主要依赖于矿物的特征光谱曲线,但由于矿物普遍存在的同质多象和类质同象的现象,常常造成矿物识别误差.在矿物的光谱曲线描述中,吸收位置是一个非常重要的特征,它较好地反映了矿物的单个诊断性特征.文章在利用完全波形特征的基础上,加强了单个诊断性特征,提出了一种基于吸收峰加权的预处理技术.利用该技术并结合...  相似文献   

Satellite-based RAR performance simulation for measuring directional ocean wave spectrum based on SAR inversion spectrum   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

REN Lin  MAO Zhihu  HUANG Haiqing  GONG Fang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(4):13-20

Some missions have been carried out to measure wave directional spectrum by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and airborne real aperture radar (RAR) at a low incidence. Both them have their own advantages and limitations. Scientists hope that SAR and satellite-based RAR can complement each other for the research on wave properties in the future. For this study, the authors aim to simulate the satellite-based RAR system to validate performance for measuring the directional wave spectrum. The principal measurements are introduced and the simulation methods based on the one developed by Hauser are adopted and slightly modified. To enhance the authenticity of input spectrum and the wave spectrum measuring consistency for SAR and satellite-based RAR, the wave height spectrum inversed from Envisat ASAR data by cross spectrum technology is used as the input spectrum of the simulation system. In the process of simulation, the sea surface, backscattering signal, modulation spectrum and the estimated wave height spectrum are simulated in each look direction. Directional wave spectrum are measured based on the simulated observations from 0° to 360°. From the estimated wave spectrum, it has an 180° ambiguity like SAR, but it has no special high wave number cut off in all the direction. Finally, the estimated spectrum is compared with the input one in terms of the dominant wave wavelength, direction and SWH and the results are promising. The simulation shows that satellite-based RAR should be capable of measuring the directional wave properties. Moreover, it indicates satellite-based RAR basically can measure waves that SAR can measure.  相似文献   

基于多波长激光吸收光谱技术的气体浓度与温度二维分布遗传模拟退火重建研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宁  翁春生 《海洋学报》2010,32(10):6914-6920

利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术实现气体浓度温度二维分布重建.设计了气体浓度温度二维分布重建测量系统,采用四路波分复用技术以减少投影光路布置数量和增加气体吸收测量信息.针对于图像重建过程中建立的非线性投影方程组,将遗传算法与模拟退火算法相结合进行求解,在实现全局最优搜索基础上提高算法搜索效率.建立燃烧环境下H₂O浓度温度二维分布模型,借助于近红外波段1.3—1.5 μm范围内4条H₂O气体吸收谱线,利用数值模拟计算方法进行了气体分布重建,重建结果与模型符合得很好  相似文献   

氨基酸离子液体[bmin]Gly的合成探索及表征     

张慧  孙秀云  袁萍萍  王连军 《南京气象学院学报》2014,6(1):63-68

探索两步法合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甘氨酸离子液体([bmim]Gly)的反应条件.第一步,采用阴离子树脂静态交换法由1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐([bmim]Br)与强碱性阴离子树脂生成中间产物1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氢氧化物([bmim]OH),通过单因素实验获得其最佳交换条件;第二步,[bmim]OH与甘氨酸(Gly)反应,经脱水、洗涤后得目标产物.对产物进行核磁(¹H NMR)和红外(IR)表征,结果表明产品纯度较高.与动态合成法相比,静态法合成[bmim]Gly操作简便,节水省时,有助于实现氨基酸离子液体合成过程的绿色化和工业化.  相似文献   

基于GIS的甘肃北山花岗岩裂隙密度地质统计分析     

王鹏  李晓昭  章杨松  赵晓豹  周扬一  付安学  吴文博 《工程地质学报》2013,21(1):115-122

以甘肃北山花岗岩中发育的构造裂隙(主要指节理)为研究对象,采用高精度GPS、罗盘等对其进行现场测量,获取裂隙的迹长及产状信息,并将信息导入ArcGIS平台建立裂隙属性数据库; 进而应用地质统计分析理论,以裂隙面密度P21为地质统计分析的区域性变量,探索花岗岩岩体裂隙空间分布特征; 然后借助ArcGIS软件平台建立变异函数模型,利用地质统计学的普通克里金插值方法得到整个区域的面密度预测分布图。结果表明:芨芨槽块段所测某区域裂隙面密度值的半变异函数变程值在20～30m之间,NS和EW方向有明显差异,由此知该区域裂隙面密度分布具有显著空间自相关性,但分布特征不均匀; 此结论对北山花岗岩裂隙空间分布特征的深入研究以及三维裂隙网络建模具有重要参考价值。  相似文献   

基于GPS的水下导航算法误差仿真研究     

赵辉  王昌明  何云峰 《海洋技术学报》2006,25(2):44-47

首先介绍了水下导航算法,采用GPS和水下参量测算相结合的方案,即当运行器在水下运行时,利用电子罗盘测量运行器的相对航向,水流传感器测算运行器的相对速度大小,利用学习阶段计算出海水流速,在水下运行器潜行时进行船位推算导航,用GPS精准的定位信号进行导航误差的校正。此算法精度的高低很大程度上取决于用来进行水下参量测算的传感器和用来方位校准的GPS。文中从各个传感器的误差着手,通过模拟仿真详细分析了电子罗盘、水流传感器和GPS的误差对导航精度的影响,对工程应用具有实际的指导意义。  相似文献   

一种扩展SURF描述符及其在遥感图像配准中的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

罗楠  孙权森  耿蕾蕾  李辉  夏德深 《测绘学报》2013,42(3):383-388

针对经典算法存在着运算时间过长或者匹配正确率不高的情况,提出一种扩展的SURF描述符。在原始SURF描述符的基础上,通过计算特征点相应尺度上的邻域采样点的局部归一化灰度统计信息以及二阶梯度值细节信息,形成新的扩展描述符。该方法不但能传承SURF算法速度快的优良性能,还能充分利用图像的灰度信息和细节信息。通过试验表明,综合考虑算法运行效率与匹配正确率,本文算法较原有经典算法更具稳健性。  相似文献   

图割模型在卫星云图云检测中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

费文龙  吕红  韦志辉 《南京气象学院学报》2012,35(4):502-507

提出一种基于图割模型的卫星云图云检测方法。利用FY-2C卫星云图的长波红外通道和可见光通道的云图提取了10个灰度特征和80个Gabor纹理特征,再用主成分分析方法（principal component analysis,PCA）降维到9个主成分。将这9个主成分构成的特征作为每个像素的特征,建立相似度矩阵,再利用改进的NormalizedCuts模型进行分割,将云图分成了晴空区域和有云区域。与地面观测结果相比,平均一致率达到86．51％,表明将Gabor纹理特征和灰度特征相结合并利用改进的Normalized Cuts模型对卫星云图云检测有比较好的效果。  相似文献   

中等传输距离下的无线功率传输链路第2部分:选择性工作方式     

Alessio De ANGELIS  Marco DIONIGI  Paolo CARBONE  Mauro MONGIARDO  车文荃  王清华  Franco MASTRI  Giuseppina MONTI 《南京气象学院学报》2017,9(1):73-81

对谐振感应式无线功率传输链路的3种不同的工作方式进行了讨论.第1种工作方式是输出恒定的电压或电流;第2种工作方式采用频率捷变操作,非常适合于不随耦合系数变化的应用场合;第3种工作方式实现负载独立工作并输出恒定的电压或电流.本文讨论并提出了不同情况下的解决方案和相关公式.最后通过实验对提出的理论进行了验证.  相似文献