‘Natural’ rivers, ‘hydromorphological quality’ and river restoration: a challenging new agenda for applied fluvial geomorphology     

Malcolm. D. Newson  Andrew R. G. Large 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(13):1606-1624

Fluvial geomorphology is rapidly becoming centrally involved in practical applications to support the agenda of sustainable river basin management. In the UK its principal contributions to date have primarily been in flood risk management and river restoration. There is a new impetus: the European Union's Water Framework and Habitats Directives require all rivers to be considered in terms of their ecological quality, defined partly in terms of ‘hydromorphology’. This paper focuses on the problematic definition of ‘natural’ hydromorphological quality for rivers, the assessment of departures from it, and the ecologically driven strategies for restoration that must be delivered by regulators under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The Habitats Directive contains similar concepts under different labels. Currently available definitions of ‘natural’ or ‘reference’ conditions derive largely from a concept of ‘damage’, principally to channel morphology. Such definitions may, however, be too static to form sustainable strategies for management and regulation, but attract public support. Interdisciplinary knowledge remains scant; yet such knowledge is needed at a range of scales from catchment to microhabitat. The most important contribution of the interdisciplinary R&D effort needed to supply management tools to regulators of the WFD and Habitats regulations is to interpret the physical habitat contribution to biodiversity conservation, in terms of ‘good ecological quality’ in rivers, and the ‘hydromorphological’ component of this quality. Contributions from ‘indigenous knowledge’, through public participation, are important but often understated in this effort to drive the ‘fluvial hydrosystem’ back to spontaneous, affordable, sustainable self‐regulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The role of groundwater in cliff instability: an example at Cape Blanc‐Nez (Pas‐de‐Calais,France)     

Guillaume Pierre  Philippe Lahousse 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(1):31-45

Cliff retreat in northern Boulonnais is described. The distribution of the amount of retreat is related to structural and topographic factors. Both control the runoff–infiltration balance and therefore the mechanical behaviour of the rocks, which determines the modes of failure. The spatial variability of the retreat rate is explained, but predicting the temporal variability of the retreat rate, which is central to risk management, is much more difficult. Rainfall and piezometric surface data enhanced a ‘piston flow’ mechanism during November 2000. The result of its occurrence on the stability of the cliff and conditions of its recurrence are examined with a view to better understanding the rate of recession of coastal cliffs and wiser management of risk. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

uTshani BuyaKhuluma––The Grass Speaks: the political space and capacity of the South African Homeless People’s Federation     

Marianne Millstein  Sophie Oldfield  Kristian Stokke   《Geoforum》2003,34(4):457-468

The point of departure for this article is the contemporary tendency towards localisation of politics in the context of neo-liberal globalisation. Mediated through institutional reforms, political discourses and localised struggles, this localisation of politics produce new and transformed local political spaces. The purpose of the article is to examine the capacity of popular movements to use and transform such political spaces within the South African housing sector. This analysis is done through a combination of conceptual examination of political space and actor capacity and a concrete case study of the political strategies and capacities of The South African Homeless People’s Federation. The article argues that the Federation has utilised political relations at different scales to mobilise resources such as land and subsidies for housing for its members. It has also influenced the formulation of housing policies through its discourses and practical experiences with people-driven housing processes. In consequence the Federation’s ability to function as a civil/political movement has granted them a certain capacity to participate in the complicated process of turning de jure rights to adequate shelter into de facto rights for the urban poor as citizens of a democratic South Africa.  相似文献   

Âges KAr des roches magmatiques du fossé de Garoua (Cameroun) : leur place dans le cadre de la « Ligne du Cameroun »     

Raymond Montigny  Ismaïla Ngounouno  Bernard Druelle 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(16):285

KAr analyses on whole rock and minerals are reported for the Kokoumi anorogenic pluton and alkaline volcanics of the Benue valley, west of Garoua (northern Cameroon), which belong to the northern part of the ‘Cameroon Line’. The two formations yield similar ages of 39 and 37 Ma, respectively. These values likely correspond to the time of emplacement. They are in agreement with the interpretation considering the ‘Cameroon Line’ as a huge lithospheric crack tapping a hot deep asthenospheric zone. To cite this article: R. Montigny et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

Solution-collapse depressions and suspensates in the limnocrenic lake of banyoles (ne Spain)     

M. Canals  H. Got  R. Julia  J. Serra 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(3):243-254

A high resolution seismic reflection survey in the Banyoles limnocrenic solution lake allowed penetration of dense suspensates occupying cone-like bottom depressions of different size. The depressions result from the dissolution and collapse of underlying Eocene calcareous and gypsiferous materials over which lacustrine sediments of varying thicknesses have accumulated. The suspensates occupying the depressions present three main types of seismic signatures: stratified, semistratified, and transparent. The densities of the suspensates and the water depths of their tops, which fluctuate continuously, vary from one depression to another. The maximum seismically recorded suspensate thickness is 44 m. Morphological and structural features, seismic characters, and variable degrees of hydraulic activity, point to the existence of different stages of maturity in the lake bottom depressions. This work brings new insight on the dynamics and evolution of limnocrenic solution lakes.  相似文献   

Fluvial chronology and valley floor evolution of the upper bowmont valley,borders region,Scotland     

Richard Tipping 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(7):641-657

Two major fluvial terrace surfaces, and four less significant surfaces, are identified by aerial photographic interpretation, field mapping and levelling on one c. 2 km long reach of the upper Bowmont Water, an upland stream draining the northern Cheviot Hills, Scotland. The oldest terrace surface remains undated. Cartographic, radiocarbon and palynological dating suggest that later terraces formed very recently, within the last 250 years, with the most prominent terrace fill having aggraded in the 18th century. Incision below this terrace surface is dated to approximately the end of the 18th century, correlated with channel trenching at other sites in the region. Detailed palaeoecological and documentary evidence is used to examine whether climatic or land-use changes might have instigated aggradation, and a link with increased precipitation and flooding during part of the ‘Little Ice Age’ is suggested.  相似文献   

A modified Archie’s law for two conducting phases     

Paul W.J. Glover  Malcolm J. Hole  Jaume Pous 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2000,180(3-4):369-383

Many types of mixing model are used widely within the earth sciences to determine the electrical properties of porous media consisting of solid and fluid phases of known conductivities, volume fractions and distributions (i.e. phase connectivities). Most models are valid for two or more conducting phases. However, of the simple models only Archie’s law includes a variable term, the Archie cementation exponent m, that describes the connectivity of the phases. Unfortunately, Archie’s law is only valid for one conducting phase distributed within a non-conducting phase, which makes it inapplicable in instances where the rock matrix has a significant conductivity such as for clay-rich rocks and in calculations involving partial melting. More complex models exist which account for multiple conducting phases and control over phase conductivity. We have adapted the conventional Archie’s law to produce a simple modified Archie’s law that can be used with two conducting phases of any conductivity and any volume fraction, while retaining the ability to model variable connectivities within those phases that result from variations in their distribution. The modified model has two exponents (m and p) that describe the connectivity of each of the two phases. The exponents are related through an equation that depends also on the volume fractions of the two phases. The modified and the conventional versions of Archie’s law have been tested on a granular analogue porous medium with a conducting matrix and a pore space saturated with a range of saline fluids with different salinities and conductivities. The new model describes the experimentally determined electrical behaviour of the system extremely well, improving greatly on the conventional Archie’s law.  相似文献   

2019年甘肃夏河Ms5.7地震前重力场变化     

赵云峰  祝意青  刘芳  徐云马  张国庆  毛经伦  朱辉 《地震》2021,41(1):67-77

本文对2017年以来中国地震局在南北地震带采集到的5期相对重力测网数据进行了平差计算, 简要分析了甘东南研究区内测点平差精度, 进而分析了2019年10月28日甘肃夏河M_S5.7地震前的区域重力场变化。 结果表明: ① 研究区内90%测点平差后重力值精度小于10×10^-8 m·s^-2, 与绝对重力观测结果符合性也较好, 表明观测质量较高, 数据可靠; ② 2017年 4月至2018年4月, 临潭—宕昌断裂南西侧重力正变化、 北东侧重力负变化, 与2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S7.0地震前重力变化反向, 断裂西段夏河、 合作附近出现显著的重力差异变化; ③ 2018年4月至2019年4月, 临潭—宕昌断裂南西侧重力变化-10×10^-8～-30×10^-8 m·s^-2、 北东侧重力变化+20×10^-8～+30×10^-8 m·s^-2, 夏河M_S5.7震中附近重力变化不明显, 呈现出围绕夏河县、 泽库县和碌曲县等三县交界地区准四象限分布的特征; ④ 强震易发生在重力变化四象限分布中心地带或正、 负异常区过渡的高梯度带上, 九寨沟M_S7.0地震后, 我们曾基于流动重力异常变化在夏河M_S5.7地震前做过一定程度的中期预测, 尤其是地点预测。  相似文献   

Upscaling of Navier–Stokes equations in porous media: Theoretical, numerical and experimental approach     

Guillermo A. Narsilio  Olivier Buzzi  Stephen Fityus  Tae Sup Yun  David W. Smith   《Computers and Geotechnics》2009,36(7):1200-1206

The accurate estimation of hydraulic conductivity is important for many geotechnical engineering applications, as the presence of fluids affects all aspects of soil behaviour, including its strength. Darcy’s law is the key experimental (or phenomenological) equation employed to model ground water flow. Yet, this phenomenological equation can be linked to a more fundamental microscale model of flow through the pore spaces of the porous material. This paper provides an experimental verification of the relationships between Darcy’s law (macroscale) and the Navier–Stokes equations (microscale) for actual complex pore geometries of a granular material. The pore geometries are experimentally obtained through state-of-the-art X-ray computer assisted micro-tomography. From the numerical modelling of the microscale flow based on actual pore geometries, it is possible to quantify and visualize the development of pore-scale fluid preferential flow-paths through the porous material, and to assess the importance of pore connectivity in soil transport properties.  相似文献   

The form of the reflection operator and extended image gathers for a dipping plane reflector in two space dimensions     

C.J. Thomson 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(1):64-92

The reflection operator for a simple flat‐lying interface can be thought of as the set of all its plane‐wave reflection coefficients or as the set of virtual surveys with sources and receivers along the interface. When there is dip, however, it is necessary to include the varying effects of propagation between the virtual‐survey level and the interface. Hence, step one in this paper is to derive the reflection operator for a dipping plane interface as observed at a datum level some distance away. The key assumption is that the aperture at the datum level is sufficient to characterize the reflector properties around a particular point. This translates into an assumption that the dip is moderate, though no explicit small‐angle approximation is required. The second step is to find the apparent reflection operator that would relate data that have been extrapolated from the datum towards and possibly beyond the reflector using an assumed migration velocity. This apparent reflection operator is closely related to extended common‐image gathers. The apparent reflection operator may be analysed asymptotically in terms of rays and other signals, shedding light on the structure of extended image gathers. In keeping with the virtual‐survey idea, the results are considered in a subsurface space‐time or slowness‐time domain at various extrapolation levels around the interface. An important distinction is drawn between using subsurface midpoint‐offset coordinates and the wavefield coordinates of the incident and reflected waves. The latter reveal more clearly the effects of dip, because they lead to a more asymmetric apparent reflection operator. Properties such as an up‐dip shift of a traveltime minimum and its associated curvature theoretically provide information about the reflector location and dip and the migration‐velocity error. The space‐time form of the reflection operator can be highly intricate around the offset‐time origin and it was described for a simple flat interface in a background paper. To avoid a layer of mathematics, the reflection‐operator formulas presented here are in the intermediate space‐frequency domain. They are analysed by considering their stationary‐phase and branch‐point high‐frequency contributions. There is no Born‐like assumption of weak reflector contrast and so wide‐angle, total reflection and head‐wave effects are included. Snell’s law is an explicit part of the theory. It is hoped that the work will therefore be a step towards the goal of unifying amplitude‐versus‐offset, imaging and waveform inversion.  相似文献