Comparative assessment of water treatment using polymeric and inorganic coagulants     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

Portable water plays a vital role in improving human life, particularly in controlling the spread of diseases. However, problems associated with lack of potable water are still common especially in developing countries including Malawi. Until now little information exists on the effectiveness of available commercial coagulants used by national water boards in Malawi. Therefore, this study was undertaken in Southern Region Water Board (SRWB) to investigate the efficiency of polymeric coagulants (sufdfloc 3850 and algaefloc 19s) in turbidity reduction comparative with inorganic coagulant (aluminium sulphate) at Zomba, Liwonde, Mangochi, Chikwawa and Mulanje Treatment plants. The jar test method was used to determine the effectiveness of the water coagulants. The results revealed that sudfloc 3850 was most effective in reducing turbidity at Mangochi (99.4 ± 0.06%) and Liwonde (97.2 ± 0.04%) using 0.4 mg L⁻¹ flocculant dose. The Zomba, Mulanje and Chikwawa plants gave 19.56 ± 0.03%, 29.23 ± 0.02% and 9.43 ± 0.02% total reductions respectively. Algaefloc 19s afforded the highest turbidity reduction at Liwonde and Mangochi plants (98.66 ± 0.06 and 97.48 ± 0.05% at a dose of 0.4 and 0.6 mg L⁻¹ respectively), while Chikwawa provided the lowest (9.52 ± 0.01%). At the Zomba and Mulanje plants 20.5 ± 0.03% and 28.4 ± 0.04% reductions were obtained respectively. The inorganic flocculant, alum provided a 99.0 ± 0.05% and 98.6 ± 0.04% reduction at a dose of 4.0 mg L⁻¹ and 6.0 mg L⁻¹ at Zomba and Liwonde plants respectively. The lowest reductions in turbidity were achieved at Chikwawa (7.50 ± 0.01%), Mangochi (12.97 ± 0.02%) and Mulanje (25.00 ± 0.02). The best and optimum pH ranges for polymeric and inorganic coagulants were 7.20–7.80 and 7.35 to 7.57 respectively. The results further revealed that sudfloc 3850 and algaefloc 19s achieved faster formation of heavy flocs than alum. At 0.4 mg L⁻¹ flocculant dosage sudfloc 3850 and algaefloc 19s required ten times lower dosages than alum. Therefore, the polymeric coagulants could be used instead of alum, the choice dependant on the type of water.  相似文献   

Temperature and salinity effects in modeling the trajectory of the 2011 Penglai 19-3 oil spill     

Yebao Wang  Xiangyang Zheng  Xiang Yu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2017,35(7):946-953

In this paper, two hydrodynamic models were developed using Delft3D and were then applied to the 2011 Penglai 19-3 accident in the Chinese Bohai Sea. One model includes constant temperature and salinity, while the other model utilizes variable temperature and salinity. The two models both simulate currents fields in the Bohai Sea and utilize wind data from the National Meteorological Service of Germany (DWD) to calculate the drift of spilled oil. The hydrodynamic simulation results are consistent with the results of previous studies. We subsequently predict the surface oil trajectories of the Penglai 19-3 oil spill based on the two models, respectively. Comparing the oil-spill simulation results with remote sensing information, we show that the model with variable temperature and salinity exhibits a better fit with the actual observations. Temperature and salinity were two important factors that influenced the movement of spilled oil on the sea surface. According to the result of the variable thermohaline model, most of the oil particles spread northwest and a small portion spreads southeast to the Chinese Bohai Strait. We conclude that density currents should be considered in future oil-spill studies to generate more realistic results.  相似文献   

Characterization of the cyp19a1a gene froma BAC sequence in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analysis of its conservation among teleosts     

SHAO Changwei  LIU Geng  LIU Shanshan  LIU Changlin  CHEN Songlin 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(8):35-43

  相似文献   

烃源岩中C19~C29甾烷系列和25 降藿烷系列的检出及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王作栋  孟仟祥  陶明信  王晓锋  李中平  徐永昌 《沉积学报》2009,27(1):180-185

沉积有机质中通常可检测到C21（孕甾烷）、C22（升孕甾烷）和C27~C29甾烷,但C19、C20和C23~C26甾烷并不常见。在三塘湖盆地芦草沟组黑色页岩中检出了完整的C19~C29甾烷系列和25 降藿烷系列。如此完整且丰度较高的此类化合物,尚无文献报道。这一新的资料可能蕴含着丰富的油气地球化学信息。初步认为这2个系列的化合物指示:其古环境为干旱和咸化水体环境;有机质以藻类和浮游生物等低等水生生物来源为主,在沉积初期遭受强烈的生物降解作用;原始有机质与细菌降解的产物共存,成为生烃先质。  相似文献   

小质量AGB星热脉冲阶段氟的核合成     

刘永新  张波  彭秋和 《中国天文和天体物理学报》1996,(1)

本文计算并讨论了当13C以渐进注入方式进入氦燃烧壳层时，19F在小质量AGB星热脉冲中的核合成问题．采用小质量AGB星热脉冲的氢氦混合燃烧模型，中子源为13C（a,n）16O，质子则是脉冲开始时从氢燃烧壳层卷入的．对丰度的数值计算结果表明，在小质量AGB星的热脉冲中，19F是能够有效合成的，有效合成的温度T的范围为1．8≤D＜2．8（T8=T/108K）．采用小质量AGB星的挖掘模型，计算了AGB星大气中氟、氧等元素丰度的变化，较好地拟会了观测结果．对中子源的双脉冲机制，本文亦做了初步探讨．  相似文献   

Vereisung und Meeresspiegel     

E. Seibold  I. Seibold 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(3):403-408

GLACIATION AND SEALEVEL — EARLY RESEARCH: Changes of sealevel positions depend on vertical crustal movements, different distributions of oceanic water masses and variations of ocean water volume. In spite of the fact that C. Maclaren explained the relations between the fluctuations of continental ice masses and ocean water volumes correctly in 1842, only two years after the classical paper of L. Agassiz, it took half a century to reach global agreement on the matter. Some examples of the different ways of research may illustrate the complex treatment of the problem, the fact that correct approaches were forgotten but wrong ideas were discussed for decades and the influence of geological authorities. However, some problems remain open even now, such as the exact dating of Pleistocene and Holocene sealevel fluctuations in different geological settings, or the influence of a changing geoid.

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气象云会商系统的设计及应用     

刘然  李小汝  陈永涛  贺俊彦  朱玲玲 《气象科技》2021,49(5):723-729

气象部门素来有通过视频会议进行天气会商的传统,但受限于技术条件,多年以来天气会商只能在气象部门内网环境中进行。为满足用户基于互联网接入天气会商的需要,国家气象信息中心于2019年建设完成了气象云会商系统。该系统依托国产的互联网视频会议产品,采用专有云方式进行了部署,并实现了与气象部门已有的基于H.323协议视频会议系统的融合对接。通过在多个云会商系统间设置友好企业方式,不仅满足了气象部门系统分级和属地化管理的要求,也极大的提升了跨部门会商联动的简便性。本文对该系统的设计方案及关键技术进行了阐述,并介绍了其在重大活动气象服务及气象部门迎战新冠肺炎疫情过程中的应用效果,也提出了下一步云会商业务的发展方向。  相似文献   

How do people perceive the disclosure risk of maps? Examining the perceived disclosure risk of maps and its implications for geoprivacy protection     

Junghwan Kim  Margaret C. Levenstein  Douglas B. Richardson 《制图学和地理信息科学》2021,48(1):2-20

ABSTRACT

This research examines how people subjectively perceive the disclosure risk of a map using original data collected in an online survey with 856 participants. The results indicate that perceived disclosure risk increases as the amount of locational information displayed on a map increases. Compared to point-based maps, perceived disclosure risk is significantly lower for kernel density maps, convex hull maps, and standard deviational ellipse maps. The results also revealed that perceived disclosure risk is affected by map scale and the presence of information of other people on a map. For geomasking methods, perceived disclosure risk decreases as aggregation level increases and as relocation distance increases. However, aggregation methods (point to polygon) are more effective in preventing the re-identification of individuals when compared to relocation methods (point to point). Lastly, the perceived disclosure risk of a map that displays socially-vulnerable people is significantly higher than that of a map that displays non-vulnerable groups. Specifically, a map displaying the private locations of elementary school students has the highest perceived disclosure risk. Based on the results, a set of geoprivacy protection guidelines for mapping people’s private locations to minimize people’s perceived disclosure risk is proposed. Implications for mapping infectious diseases like the COVID-19 are also discussed.  相似文献   

离散格网下的COVID-19隔离与收治人为防控措施模型     

曹闻  戴浩然  童晓冲  彭斐琳  冯晨光  吴子满 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2021,(2)

随着新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情在全世界的暴发,与疫情相关的研究不断增加,但目前的研究更多关注的是预测分析方面,与疫情防控措施有关的研究基本停留在统计学层面,且模型参数缺乏时空演变描述。为此,引入离散格网的粒度和边界虚实线分别描述物理隔离措施的松紧程度及相邻空间的联通性和隔离性,以病床收治能力与格网之间的空间自相关性为基础设计了离散格网下的医疗收治模型,进而利用LSEIR(logistic-susceptible-exposed-infected-removed)传染病模型构建了离散格网下的物理隔离与医疗收治人为防控措施模型,该模型为分析和评估物理隔离与医疗收治人为防控措施对疫情传播和防控的影响提供了一种有效的方法。分别以美国、德国、西班牙和英国的疫情初期数据模拟了中国武汉市COVID-19疫情的原始传播态势,通过对武汉地区疫情数据的实验分析可以得到,物理隔离措施对降低感染人群峰值、提前峰值拐点以及缩短疫情的持续时间有非常明显的作用;医疗收治措施在疫情初期可有效降低感染人群峰值,而对峰值拐点的提前和疫情持续时间的缩短没有较大影响;该模型能够从定量和定性两个角度实现物理隔离和医疗收治措施对疫情影响的量化分析与评估,具有较高的合理性和正确性。  相似文献   

Aerosol transmission of human pathogens: From miasmata to modern viral pandemics and their preservation potential in the Anthropocene record     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(6):101282

Ongoing uncertainty over the relative importance of aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is in part rooted in the history of medical science and our understanding of how epidemic diseases can spread through human populations. Ancient Greek medical theory held that such illnesses are transmitted by airborne pathogenic emanations containing particulate matter (“miasmata”). Notable Roman and medieval scholars such as Varro, Ibn al-Khatib and Fracastoro developed these ideas, combining them with early germ theory and the concept of contagion. A widely held but vaguely defined belief in toxic miasmatic mists as a dominant causative agent in disease propagation was overtaken by the science of 19th century microbiology and epidemiology, especially in the study of cholera, which was proven to be mainly transmitted by contaminated water. Airborne disease transmission came to be viewed as burdened by a dubious historical reputation and difficult to demonstrate convincingly. A breakthrough came with the classic mid-20th century work of Wells, Riley and Mills who proved how expiratory aerosols (their “droplet nuclei”) could transport still-infectious tuberculosis bacteria through ventilation systems. The topic of aerosol transmission of pathogenic respiratory diseases assumed a new dimension with the mid-late 20th century “Great Acceleration” of an increasingly hypermobile human population repeatedly infected by different strains of zoonotic viruses, and has taken centre stage this century in response to outbreaks of new respiratory infections that include coronaviruses. From a geoscience perspective, the consequences of pandemic-status diseases such as COVID-19, produced by viral pathogens utilising aerosols to infect a human population currently approaching 8 billion, are far-reaching and unprecedented. The obvious and sudden impacts on for example waste plastic production, water and air quality and atmospheric chemistry are accelerating human awareness of current environmental challenges. As such, the “anthropause” lockdown enforced by COVID-19 may come to be seen as a harbinger of change great enough to be preserved in the Anthropocene stratal record.  相似文献