Surface runoff and soil erosion under eucalyptus and oak canopy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Arnold Thompson  Jerry D. Davis  Andrew J. Oliphant 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(8):1018-1026

To assess potential differences in stormwater runoff and sediment yield between plots of blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), we measured runoff, sediment yield, water repellency and soil moisture at eight paired sites. Eucalyptus has been associated in many studies worldwide with elevated soil water repellency and increased runoff, a likely contributor to soil erosion. To better understand these connections and their relationship to land cover, there is a need for studies employing either rainfall simulators or natural rainfall. Our research employs the latter, and was subject to contrasting hydrologic conditions in the two years of the study. Fieldwork was conducted from October 2006 to February 2008 in the San Francisco Bay Area of central California. During the 2006–2007 winter wet season, runoff was significantly higher under eucalypts than at paired oak sites, and in the early phases of the season was connected with elevated water repellency. However, sediment yield at all sites during the 2006–2007 hydrologic year was below the detection limit of the Gerlach sediment collection traps, possibly due to a limited wet season, and only appeared as suspended sediment captured in overflow buckets. Intensive rainfall events in January 2008 however created substantial runoff of sediment and litter with significantly greater yield at oak sites compared to paired eucalyptus sites. Water repellency likely had little effect on runoff during these events, and the primary cause of greater erosion under oaks is the thinner cover of leaf litter in comparison to eucalyptus. Our study is limited to undisturbed sites with intact litter cover that have not experienced recent wildfires; if disturbed, we would expect a different picture given the propensity for crown fires of eucalypts, enhancement of rainsplash erosion, and the likely greater potential for stream‐connected sediment yield from post‐disturbance soil erosion events.  相似文献   

Runoff initiation in a preserved semiarid Caatinga small watershed,Northeastern Brazil   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

José Vidal de Figueiredo  José Carlos de Araújo  Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros  Alexandre C. Costa 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2390-2400

This study analyses some hydrological driving forces and their interrelation with surface‐flow initiation in a semiarid Caatinga basin (12 km²), Northeastern Brazil. During the analysis period (2005 – 2014), 118 events with precipitation higher than 10 mm were monitored, providing 45 events with runoff, 25 with negligible runoff and 49 without runoff. To verify the dominant processes, 179 on‐site measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were conducted. The results showed that annual runoff coefficient lay below 0.5% and discharge at the outlet has only occurred four days per annum on average, providing an insight to the surface‐water scarcity of the Caatinga biome. The most relevant variables to explain runoff initiation were total precipitation and maximum 60‐min rainfall intensity (I₆₀). Runoff always occurred when rainfall surpassed 31 mm, but it never occurred for rainfall below 14 mm or for I₆₀ below 12 mm h^?1. The fact that the duration of the critical intensity is similar to the basin concentration time (65 min) and that the infiltration threshold value approaches the river‐bank saturated hydraulic conductivity support the assumption that Hortonian runoff prevails. However, none of the analysed variables (total or precedent precipitation, soil moisture content, rainfall intensities or rainfall duration) has been able to explain the runoff initiation in all monitored events: the best criteria, e.g. failed to explain 27% of the events. It is possible that surface‐flow initiation in the Caatinga biome is strongly influenced by the root‐system dynamics, which changes macro‐porosity status and, therefore, initial abstraction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

黄土中水分迁移规律现场试验研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

李萍  李同录  王阿丹  张亚国  梁燕  赵纪飞 《岩土力学》2013,34(5):1331-1339

黄土地区降雨诱发滑坡是不争的事实,但黄土地区地下水位很深,降雨入渗地面后如何运移,与地下水有无直接联系,目前还不是很清楚。为此设计了人工滴水试验模拟天然降雨条件,通过在一深度为10 m的探井井壁上埋设土壤水分计,观测人工滴水入渗过程中不同深度土体含水率随时间的变化情况,以确定其入渗影响深度。监测结果显示：降雨量为3.82 mm/d (小雨)时,0.5 m内土体含水率变化明显,0.5 m以下土层含水率几乎没有变化;降雨量为10.31 mm/d(中雨)时,1 m内土体含水率有所增加;降雨量达25.21 mm/d(大雨)时,1 m内土体含水率增长明显,1.0～1.6 m范围内有微弱增长;随着深度增加,土体含水率变化逐渐滞后,增幅逐渐减小。这说明在干旱的黄土地区,若无明显入水通道,短期内降雨的入渗深度有限,很难到达地下水位;但深部古土壤层的观测结果表明,即使在其上部黄土中含水率变化极其微弱的情况下,古土壤中的含水率上升明显,表明黄土中非饱和渗流或水汽迁移是存在的。通过试验还表明,陇东黄土高原地区土壤中水分循环主要发生在浅层0.7 m以内的蒸发带。降雨入渗到蒸发带以内,若无后续降雨补给,则向上蒸发排泄;若入渗至蒸发带以下,则不受蒸发影响,得以继续向下迁移;当遇到不透水面时,会在层面附近富集,有限元模拟也较好地反映了这一规律。  相似文献   

膨胀土与红黏土石灰改性对比试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙志亮  郭爱国  太俊 《岩土力学》2013,34(Z2):150-155

为探讨石灰改性膨胀土与红黏土的强度发展规律,以生石灰与消石灰改性的南阳膨胀土与郴州红黏土为研究对象,进行了无侧限抗压、固结快速直剪和固结压缩试验的对比研究。研究发现：在1 a养生龄期内,石灰改性的南阳膨胀土与郴州红黏土无侧限抗压强度与养生龄期的对数基本呈线性关系;按大于最佳含水率3%制样的强度在养生28 d以后高于按最佳含水率制样;生石灰改性效果比消石灰改性效果好,由于矿物成分不同,石灰改性南阳膨胀土的效果比石灰改性郴州红黏土好  相似文献   

2011年“7·3”特大暴雨天气过程诊断分析     

蒋玥  陈权亮  李丽丽 《成都信息工程学院学报》2013,28(1):8-16

为了更好的了解暴雨发生的机制且为未来预报奠定基础,需要对暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析.通过利用自动站降水观测资料、台站探空资料和NCEP逐6小时再分析资料,总结分析了成都地区2011年7月03至04日特大暴雨天气过程的环流背景和主要影响系统,并对相关物理量进行了诊断分析,结果表明:(1)这次降雨主要是在高空副高的突然加强西伸、低空西南急流的水汽输送和本地积聚的不稳定能量与弱冷空气侵入共同作用下产生的.(2)暴雨开始前,成都地区位于高空水汽通量散度梯度大值区北侧的辐散区.随着暴雨发展,水汽通量散度梯度区向北移动.(3)水汽通量散度正负临界值区和湿位涡对于本次降水落区的预报有较好的指示意义.在强降水区域,低层湿位涡的垂直正压项为明显的正值中心,斜压项为梯度大值区,斜压性很强.(4)风场在850hPa等压面和低层θe=325K(大约750hPa)等熵面上均表现为气旋式弯曲,有利于强降水的发生.  相似文献   

Assessing aeolian beach‐surface dynamics using a remote sensing approach     

Irene Delgado‐Fernandez  Robin Davidson‐Arnott  Bernard O. Bauer  Ian J. Walker  Jeff Ollerhead  Hosahng Rhew 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(15):1651-1660

A remote sensing technique for assessing beach surface moisture was used to provide insight into beach‐surface evolution during an aeolian event. An experiment was carried out on 21 October 2007 at Greenwich Dunes, Prince Edward Island National Park, Canada, during which cameras were mounted on a mast on the foredune crest at a height of about 14 m above the beach. Maps of beach surface moisture were created based on a calibrated relationship between surface brightness from the photographs and surface moisture content measured in situ at points spaced every 2.5 m along a transect using a Delta‐T moisture probe. A time sequence of maps of surface moisture content captured beach surface evolution through the transport event at a spatial and temporal resolution that would be difficult to achieve with other sampling techniques such as impedance probes. Erosion of the foreshore and berm crest resulted in an increase in surface moisture content in these areas as the wetter underlying sediments were exposed. Flow expansion downwind of the berm crest led to sand deposition and a consequent decrease in surface moisture content. Remote sensing systems such as the one presented here allow observations of the combined evolution of beach surface moisture, shoreline position, and fetch distances during short‐term experiments and hence provide a comprehensive rendering of sediment erosion and transport processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

削弱水分影响的潮滩表层沉积物遥感分类方法研究     

李欢  张东  张鹰 《海洋学报》2012,34(6):84-93

潮滩沉积物中的水分掩盖了沉积物本身的光谱信息,不利于沉积物遥感分类。利用江苏大丰潮滩沉积物在不同含水量下的398条实测光谱曲线数据,基于线性光谱分解方法定量化分析了沉积物光谱对含水量变化的响应,建立削弱水分影响的潮滩表层沉积物组分(砂、粉砂、黏土)含量反演模型,应用于Hyperion高光谱遥感影像,获得沉积物组分的空间分布,并结合Shepard三角分类法实现了潮滩表层沉积物的自动分类。研究结果表明:(1)当沉积物含水量增加时,沉积物光谱中水分权重以含水量的2倍速率增加,含水量大于25%,则水分对光谱的影响占主导作用;(2)2 143 nm波段反射率对沉积物的含水量变化敏感,利用2 143 nm波段反射率进行潮滩沉积物的含水量反演,模型拟合度r2可达0.81;(3)983,1 134 nm波段反射率对沉积物组分含量反演敏感,将含水量与沉积物组分敏感波段一起建立多元线性回归方程,可有效削弱水分的影响,适用于高含水量潮滩区的沉积物组分含量反演;(4)将组分反演结果结合Shepard分类,可实现潮滩沉积物分类,得到潮滩沉积物类型的空间分布特征,分类精度为75.93%,Kappa系数为0.6。  相似文献   

光学信息分解被动微波土壤湿度方法     

王安琪  施建成  阿多  宫辉力 《地球信息科学学报》2012,14(5):652-657

土壤水分是一个重要生态参量,以被动微波反演土壤水分,不受天气影响,且其算法成熟.但是星载被动微波数据的空间分辨率较低,可适合大区域尺度研究.本文将1km分辨率光学数据MODIS和25km分辨率被动微波数据AMSR- E2级土壤湿度产品结合,利用NDVI-Ts特征空间,去除植被影响,结合前人提出的裸土蒸散模型,将研究区被...  相似文献   

一次中尺度对流复合体致洪暴雨成因分析     

刘瑞芳  李萍云  陈小婷  侯建忠 《成都信息工程学院学报》2012,27(3):306-313

为了探索陕西暴雨天气发生发展的机制,采用天气学、动力诊断等方法对2011年7月5～6日陕西南部出现的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:中尺度对流复合体是造成此次暴雨的直接原因,强降水发生在中尺度对流复合体云顶亮温北边界的等值线密集区;沿海至陕西建立起水汽和温湿能的输送通道,高温高湿的暖湿空气源源不断地向暴雨区输送;不同暴雨阶段的中低层大气稳定性有明显的差异,对流不稳定和条件性对称不稳定是暴雨发展维持的重要机制;对流层低层较大的垂直螺旋度东侧可能预示着大暴雨的发生。  相似文献   

念青唐古拉山北麓草甸海拔分布上限土壤温湿度的季节变化   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

俞洁辉  刘新圣  罗天祥  张林 《地理学报》2012,67(9):1246-1254

本研究基于西藏念青唐古拉山北麓高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限(5125 m) 地下10 cm和30 cm土壤温度和水分连续3 年(2008-2010 年) 的监测数据, 分析了草甸海拔分布上限土壤温度和未冻水含量的季节动态特征。结果表明:1) 土壤在4 月中下旬解冻, 10 月中下旬冻结;6-8月份土壤温度日振幅最大, 10 cm和30 cm分别为3.8℃和1.4℃;2) 土壤未冻水含量回升(下降) 在解冻(冻结) 开始后, 5-10 月份未冻水含量较高, 其中10 cm和30 cm 分别为2%~6%和15%~20%;3) 基于10 cm土壤温度推算的本地区高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限的生长季在6 月初至8 月末或9 月初, 持续时间为80-87 天, 生长季平均土壤温度和含水量分别为6.78±0.73℃和4.14±0.91%, 生长季期间日最低温度集中在3~7℃之间(占90%以上天数);4) 与较低海拔处(4980 m) 相比, 高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限处10 cm土壤温度和未冻水含量均明显偏低, 生长季8月份出现日最低温< 5℃的天数也明显增加。  相似文献