重庆"9.5"特大暴雨的诊断分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘毅  段相洪  杨晓怡  王冀 《成都信息工程学院学报》2006,21(2):283-289

利用NCAR/NCEP逐日资料（一日4次）和北京大学物理学院大气科学系研制的客观分析诊断系统对2005年重庆“9．5”特大暴雨的成因进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：向南运动的高层北风急流下沉与低空急流上升支组成的西南低涡是本次特大暴雨的主要影响天气系统,“桑达”台风移动缓慢可能是造成此次特大暴雨的间接原因;特大暴雨出现在中低层辐合、高层辐散的正涡度中心下方和负涡度中心西侧;湿位涡高值带对应着降雨带,高值中心与暴雨中心基本吻合,对暴雨预报有指示意义。  相似文献   

蒸发量与土壤湿度和地下通量关系的模式     

陈科信 《地理学报》1988,(2)

土壤水分和蒸发量是水文循环和能量交换过程中一项重要因素.本文根据非饱和土壤水流运动的基本理论,考虑到在地下水位较高的湿润地区,蒸发层中土壤湿度可以得到地下水的补给,作者提出蒸发量与土壤湿度和地下水通量关系的模式.模式中为单一土壤吸力函数,在实际计算中十分简便.  相似文献   

A soil‐water‐balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain     

Eloise Kendy  Pierre Grard‐Marchant  M. Todd Walter  Yongqiang Zhang  Changming Liu  Tammo S. Steenhuis 《水文研究》2003,17(10):2011-2031

Rapidly depleting unconfined aquifers are the primary source of water for irrigation on the North China Plain. Yet, despite its critical importance, groundwater recharge to the Plain remains an enigma. We introduce a one‐dimensional soil‐water‐balance model to estimate precipitation‐ and irrigation‐generated areal recharge from commonly available crop and soil characteristics and climate data. To limit input data needs and to simplify calculations, the model assumes that water flows vertically downward under a unit gradient; infiltration and evapotranspiration are separate, sequential processes; evapotranspiration is allocated to evaporation and transpiration as a function of leaf‐area index and is limited by soil‐moisture content; and evaporation and transpiration are distributed through the soil profile as exponential functions of soil and root depth, respectively. For calibration, model‐calculated water contents of 11 soil‐depth intervals from 0 to 200 cm were compared with measured water contents of loam soil at four sites in Luancheng County, Hebei Province, over 3 years (1998–2001). Each 50‐m² site was identically cropped with winter wheat and summer maize, but received a different irrigation treatment. Average root mean‐squared error between measured and model‐calculated water content of the top 180 cm was 4·2 cm, or 9·3% of average total water content. In addition, model‐calculated evapotranspiration compared well with that measured by a large‐scale lysimeter. To test the model, 12 additional sites were simulated successfully. Model results demonstrate that drainage from the soil profile is not a constant fraction of precipitation and irrigation inputs, but rather the fraction increases as the inputs increase. Because this drainage recharges the underlying aquifer, improving irrigation efficiency by reducing seepage will not reverse water‐table declines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

关于黄土含水量划分的讨论     

徐洪安  张玲 《地球科学与环境学报》1991,(2)

黄土含水量高低,通常能反映出黄土中含水量的变化规律和土性特点。本文对黄土含水量高低的划分和命名做了初步尝试,并对其划分和命名所考虑的因素和依据做了简要讨论。  相似文献   

关于黄土包气带水份运移参数计算问题     

李喜荣 《地球科学与环境学报》1991,(1)

本文利用陕西省礼泉县西庄头村实验场竖井不同深度5个土样(黑垆土—0.5m;马兰黄土—2.5m;古土壤—8.4m;离石黄土—12m)的实验数据,计算了其水份运移参数D(θ)和C(θ);并借助相关分析法,建立了这5种土样水份运移参数的经验公式,最后,用比较计算含水率和实测含水率的办法,证明了经验公式的可靠性。  相似文献   

零通量面方法的应用研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李宝庆  刘昌明 《地理研究》1990,9(2):39-50

本文分析了零通量面方法的理论基础,总结了多年应用的效果指出研制相应的仪器,改进计算方法,建立零通量面与气象、地下水位等环境要素的关系模式是今后研究的主要方向。  相似文献   

Recharge processes during snowmelt: An isotopic and hydrometric investigation     

J. M. Buttle  K. Sami 《水文研究》1990,4(4):343-360

Results from hydrometric and isotopic investigations of unsaturated flow during snowmelt are presented for a hillslope underlain by well-sorted sands. Passage of melt and rainwater through the vadose zone was detected from temporal changes in soil water ²H concentrations obtained from sequential soil cores. Bypassing flow was indicated during the initial snowmelt phase, but was confined to the near-surface zone. Recharge below this zone was via translatory flow, as meltwater inputs displaced premelt soil water. Estimates of premelt water fluxes indicate that up to 19 per cent of the premelt soil water may have been immobile. Average water particle velocities during snowmelt ranged from 6.2 × 10^?7 to 1.1 × 10^?6 ms^?1, suggesting that direct groundwater recharge by meltwater during snowmelt was confined to areas where the premelt water table was within 1 m of the ground surface. Soil water ²H signatures showed a rapid response to isotopically-heavy rain-on-snow inputs late in the melt. In addition, spatial variations in soil moisture content at a given depth induced a pronounced lateral component to the predominantly vertical transport of water. Both factors may complicate isotopic profiles in the vadose zone, and should be considered when employing environmental isotopes to infer recharge processes during snowmelt.  相似文献   

Assimilation of a ERS scatterometer derived soil moisture index in the ECMWF numerical weather prediction system     

K. Scipal  M. Drusch  W. Wagner 《Advances in water resources》2008

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陆面模式CLM4.5在青藏高原土壤冻融期的偏差特征及其原因   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李时越  杨凯  王澄海 《冰川冻土》2018,40(2):322-334

利用中国区域地面气象要素数据集制作的大气强迫场驱动通用陆面模式CLM4.5（Community Land Model version 4.5）对青藏高原区域进行离线模拟试验,模拟结果与D66、沱沱河（TTH）和玛曲（Maqu）3个站点的观测资料以及GLDAS（Global Land Data Assimilation System）-CLM2模拟结果进行了对比,并分析了陆面模式对冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度模拟的偏差及其可能原因。结果表明：CLM4.5对土壤温度模拟较好（平均RMSE≈3℃）,而GLDAS-CLM2计算的土壤温度偏高,偏差较大（平均RMSE>6℃）,且其偏差大于CLM4.5,尤其在冻融期;CLM4.5能较好地模拟出冻融过程中土壤湿度季节变化,但土壤湿度的模拟值与观测值存在一定偏差（平均RMSE≈0.1 mm³·mm^-3）,GLDAS-CLM2不能反映出土壤湿度在冻融过程中的变化特征。CLM4.5的模拟偏差主要来自大气强迫场,而GLDAS-CLM2的偏差除了大气强迫场的不确定性外,还来自于模式冻融参数化方案的不完善。大气强迫场中的气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的影响在冻融期和非冻融期表现不同。在非冻融期,土壤温度的模拟主要受气温的影响（r>0.6）,气温偏差对土壤温度偏差的贡献率大于50%;土壤湿度的变化则主要受降水的影响,降水偏差对土壤湿度偏差的贡献率为20%~40%。在冻融期,受土壤水热相互作用的影响,气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的作用效果减弱;土壤湿度的变化受气温影响显著,其贡献率为10%~20%。陆面模式中冻融参数方案的不完善是冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度偏差的重要来源之一。  相似文献   

祁连山黑河上游多年冻土区不同植被类型土壤有机碳密度分布特征   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

马素辉  牟翠翠  郭红  张现凯  栗泽苑  张廷军 《冰川冻土》2018,40(3):426-433

山地多年冻土的异质性影响其植被类型的分布特征,且对有机碳的分布也具有重要影响。通过采集黑河上游多年冻土区三种典型植被类型（高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原）8个活动层的土壤样品,测定其土壤有机碳密度及其理化性质。结果表明：高寒沼泽草甸土壤有机碳密度最高（49.50 kg·m^-2）,高寒草甸次之（11.22 kg·m^-2）,高寒草原最低（7.30 kg·m^-2）。土壤有机碳密度的剖面垂直分布特征具有差异性,高寒沼泽草甸土壤有机碳密度随深度变化不明显,高寒草原和高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度随深度逐渐减小,存在显著的表层聚集性。有机碳密度与土壤含水率和细粒含量呈显著正相关,与pH值呈显著负相关关系。一般线性模型结果表明土壤含水率、pH值和土壤颗粒组成解释了96.39%的有机碳密度变异,其中土壤含水率贡献了81.53%,pH值和土壤粒度分别贡献了9.33%和4.75%。研究表明多年冻土区不同植被类型土壤有机碳密度分布特征具有明显差异,山地多年冻土土壤含水率是控制有机碳密度分布特征的重要影响因素。  相似文献