斜长石中Al、Si有序的测量图解     

Herdert Kroll  Paul H.Ribbe  李殿超 《世界地质》1983,(1)

三个干燥加热斜长石的分析晶格参数表明,它们具有像合成斜长石那样“高”的有序度。它们的晶体结构分析证明,在过渡成分的高温斜长石中,具有一种意想不到的 Al、Si 有序度(Kroll 1978)。特别是 An27.8(于1160℃加热22天),在 T_1O 四面体位置有 t_1o—0.4Al,其它三个位置各自具有 t_1o—0.3Al[即〈t_1m〉=1/3(t_1m t_2O t_2m)—0.3Al。An52(于1255℃加热29天),具有 t_1o—0.48.Al,〈t_1m〉—0.35Al。An68.7(于1365℃加热42天),具有 t_1o—0.52Al,〈t_1m〉—0.39Al。这些数据需要用测量斜长石中 Al,Si 分配的图解,根据人们熟知的△131=20(131)—20(1 )参数以及晶格角γ进行估算。用△131和γ作为钙长石分子百分比的函数作图,并绘制 t_1o—〈t_1m〉图。用γ绘制的图可得到比较精确的结果,如果斜长石中正长石含量尚不知道的话,应使用这种图,但是晶格参数必须慎重地精选.△131值的测定是要容易得多,利用它确定结构状态的精确度却稍许差一些,但是要求正长石的含量必须是已知的.此外,如果不同样品的 t_1o—〈t_1m〉值对比较是富有意义的,还要求必须修正钙长石含量对△131的影响.  相似文献   

大陆内部的古缝合带     

E.M.Moores  周永青 《世界地质》1983,(2)

大陆内部的古缝合带是包括残余古海盆的变形地区.它们是在两个早先被海盆分开的大陆块或岛弧,在板块活动时期发生会聚碰撞时形成的。今天我们所得到的唯一记录,是这些地带的深海壳和古海底。它们代表了地球形成历史的94%。为了认识和解释这些古老地带,本文讨论了十条标准。为研究这些地带而制定的这个规划对美国具有很大的科学意义和较高的经济价值。比起其它大型国家科研项目来讲亦较为经济.  相似文献   

地中海盐沉积的成因——兼论邻近地区晚第三纪盐沉积     

A.Debenedetti  曹开春 《化工矿产地质》1983,(2)

地中海海底盐沉积,不可能是整个海盆多次干化的结果,特别是沉积当时,盆地底部的地形条件如果类似现代地中海,干化成盐更属子虚之词。相反,大西洋的盐-水补给,使其含盐量不断提高,最终导致盐矿物的沉淀——这种假说看来不仅合理,也为当时地质上的时空特点所印证。一次异常的突发的成盐高潮,绝不能形成地中海地区众多的盐矿床。它们的形成,也许要和当时的地质环境联系起来;晚第三纪时,地中海周围广大地区遍布着陆缘海和内盆地(众所周知,这儿是大小型盐类矿床的潜在产地)。盐矿沉积,是和这些盆地沉积环境的普遍特点相适应的。  相似文献   

EUTROPHICATION AND RED TIDES AS CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Zhao-Yin WANG  Yongsheng WU  and Guangqian WANG Prof.  Dept. of Hydraulic Engineering  Tsinghua University & International Research  Training Center on Erosion  Sedimentation  Beijing  China  Email: zywang@tsinghua.edu.cn or zywang@sun 《国际泥沙研究》2001,16(4)

1 mTRoorcnoxThe EnvirDment AgenCy of UK (l997) defins eUtIDPhication as "the enrichInnt of waters byinorgedc plant nUtrientS that result in the simulation of an mp Of syInPtOInati changes. These includethe inCrased PrOduCtiOn Of aigae or othe aquatic PlantS, affeChng the quallty of the water and distUIbingthe balance Of orpedsms Present within it. Such changes Inay be undesirable and intetw with wateuses." Sndth et al. (l999) indicated tha eopation of waters is mainly caused by h…  相似文献   

一个三维水动力学模型及其在水环境中的适用性试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

秦伯强  David K.Stevens 《水科学进展》2001,12(2):143-152

发展了一个三维水动力学模型.该模型在水底磨擦项计算中,采用了流速的平方根法;在湍流扩散系数的估算中,采用了带稳定度函数的参数化方案;对垂直方向上的坐标进行了压缩,引入σ坐标;对时间变量则采用了分离模式技术,即外部模式(快过程)与内部模式(慢过程);而求解外部模式时,采用了显式一隐式格式交错法(ADI),从而使模型不仅计算时间缩短,且可应用于水很深而水平空间尺度很小,又有热力分层的水域中.最后作为该模型的一个实用性试验,选择了美国犹他州East Canyon水库,利用该模型探讨了温跃层对风、人流及出流变化的响应情况.  相似文献   

Distribution functions of spring discharges according to their lithologies and the influence of lower limit to flow: an example from Spain     

Sanz Pérez E 《Ground water》2001,39(2):203-209

Specific functions of distribution of the number of springs and of their contributions according to flow for each of nine lithological groups are established. These functions confirm the suitability of a general type of distribution (Sanz 1996), which is a borderline case of the lognormal distribution. The statistical methods proposed for the lithological types presented can be applied to any region if data on flow and lithology of the aquifers drained by springs are available. These methods have been applied to Spain, a representative region with varied geology, climate and topography; 71.2% of spring flow is supplied by limestones, 19.17% by alluvial sediments and marls, 6.7% by conglomerates and sandstones, and 3% by slates, plutonic rocks, quartzites, and other groups. Springs with discharge rates exceeding 2000 L/s exist only in limestones. The majority of springs with low flow occur in marls. If we consider springs with flow greater than 0.5 L/s, alluvial sediments, sandstones, marls, and limestones have the greatest density of springs per surface area, although the average flow varies greatly from one lithology to the next. The cumulative estimated discharge and the estimated number of springs depend upon the definition of the lower limit of flow. For example, total discharge is reduced by 30% if we eliminate all springs with flow lower than 0.5 L/min.  相似文献   

苏皖地区大陆岩石圈地幔的长时性--地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的锇同位素模式年龄   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

支霞臣  彭子成  陈道公  余春江  孙卫东  L.Reisberg 《中国科学D辑》2001,31(6):464-470

中国(USTC)和法国(CRPG)两个实验室测定了苏皖地区地幔橄榄岩捕虏体全岩的锇同位素组成,结果187Os/188Os=0.119～0.129(USTC,n=25,n为样品数,下同)和0.117～0.131(CRPG,n=17).大部分样品的Os同位素组成(<0.1290)呈亏损特征,Os同位素组成与主量成分之间有线性相关性.用187Os/188Os-Al2O3代用等时线法获得的模式年龄为(2.5±0.1)Ga(USTC)和(1.9±0.1)Ga(CRPG),为晚太古代-早元古代.样品组中最低的187Os/188Os比值为0.119(USTC)和0.117(CRPG),相应的Re亏损模式年龄为1.1Ga(USTC)和1.4Ga(CRPG),为中元古代.锇同位素模式年龄表明苏皖地区新生代玄武岩中包含的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体具有古老的形成年龄(早元古-中元古代),它们是经过显生宙岩石圈地幔减薄作用后的残余地幔的碎片,而不是显生宙"置换作用"中产生的新生地幔.  相似文献   

藏高原雪冰电导率与降水碱度以及大气粉尘载荷变化的关系     

效存德  姚檀栋  秦大河  蒲健辰  盛文坤  K.Seko 《中国科学D辑》2001,31(5):362-371

对青藏高原小冬克玛底冰川和古里雅冰帽上的数个雪坑和浅冰芯的观测,得出其碱度(OH-)剖面、雪坑和冰芯的液态电导率(EC)变化与OH-之间呈良好线性相关(r≥0.8).分析表明,无论在季节、年际或百年际时间尺度上,EC与OH-间的相关性以及EC与可溶离子总量(TDS)间的相关程度是大致相当的.EC的波动主要取决于粉尘来源的碱性盐类(尤其Ca2+)的变化.因此,EC参量运用到深冰芯研究中,可反映历史时期大气粉尘载荷的变化,对反演沙漠演化、大气环流有重要意义.古里雅冰芯记录表明,大气粉尘的中、长期变化可能取决于气候参量的组合特征"冷-干"气候阶段粉尘量上升,EC和OH-值高;"暖-湿"阶段粉尘量下降,EC和OH-值低.20世纪初以来,随着藏北高原气候呈现暖湿化趋势,大气粉尘载荷明显下降.因此,EC可作为显示大气尘埃载荷变化的宏观标尺,是气候波动的"指示器".  相似文献   

Impact of polychaetes (Nereis spp. and Arenicola marina) on carbon biogeochemistry in coastal marine sediments     

Kristensen E 《Geochemical transactions》2001,2(1):92

Known effects of bioturbation by common polychaetes (Nereis spp. and Arenicola marina) in Northern European coastal waters on sediment carbon diagenesis is summarized and assessed. The physical impact of irrigation and reworking activity of the involved polychaete species is evaluated and related to their basic biology. Based on past and present experimental work, it is concluded that effects of bioturbation on carbon diagenesis from manipulated laboratory experiments cannot be directly extrapolated to in situ conditions. The 45–260% flux (e.g., CO₂ release) enhancement found in the laboratory is much higher than usually observed in the field (10–25%). Thus, the faunal induced enhancement of microbial carbon oxidation in natural sediments instead causes a reduction of the organic matter inventory rather than an increased release of CO₂ across the sediment/water interface. The relative decrease in organic inventory (G _b /G _u) is inversely related to the relative increase in microbial capacity for organic matter decay (k _b /k _u). The equilibrium is controlled by the balance between organic input (deposition of organic matter at the sediment surface) and the intensity of bioturbation. Introduction of oxygen to subsurface sediment and removal of metabolites are considered the two most important underlying mechanisms for the stimulation of carbon oxidation by burrowing fauna. Introduction of oxygen to deep sediment layers of low microbial activity, either by downward irrigation transport of overlying oxic water or by upward reworking transport of sediment to the oxic water column will increase carbon oxidation of anaerobically refractory organic matter. It appears that the irrigation effect is larger than and to a higher degree dependent on animal density than the reworking effect. Enhancement of anaerobic carbon oxidation by removal of metabolites (reduced diffusion scale) may cause a significant increase in total sediment metabolism. This is caused by three possible mechanisms: (i) combined mineralization and biological uptake; (ii) combined mineralization and abiogenic precipitation; and (iii) alleviation of metabolite inhibition. Finally, some suggestions for future work on bioturbation effects are presented, including: (i) experimental verification of metabolite inhibition in bioturbated sediments; (ii) mapping and quantification of the role of metals as electron acceptors in bioturbated sediments; and (iii) identification of microbial community composition by the use of new molecular biological techniques. These three topics are not intended to cover all unresolved aspects of bioturbation, but should rather be considered a list of obvious gaps in our knowledge and present new and appealing approaches.  相似文献   

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Koop K  Booth D  Broadbent A  Brodie J  Bucher D  Capone D  Coll J  Dennison W  Erdmann M  Harrison P  Hoegh-Guldberg O  Hutchings P  Jones GB  Larkum AW  O'Neil J  Steven A  Tentori E  Ward S  Williamson J  Yellowlees D 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(2):91-120

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.  相似文献