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991.
通过对南羌塘盆地羌资-2井石油地质浅钻的岩心录井和样品测试分析表明:中侏罗世阿林期-巴柔期,南羌塘盆地处于被动大陆边缘演化阶段,沉积了一套向上变粗变浅的三角洲相进积序列的色哇组,粒度分析概率累计曲线主要以跳跃和悬浮次总体为主,粒度C-M图反映了辫状河三角洲沉积特点,孢粉分析揭示了热带-亚热带干热气候特征:中侏罗世巴通期,盆地过渡为相对稳定的坳陷盆地发展阶段.沉积了以富含鲕粒、砂砾屑和生屑等颗粒灰岩为特征的碳酸盐台地浅滩化沉积序列的布曲组.从中侏罗世阿林期至巴通期,整个南羌塘盆地经历了一次完整的海侵-海退沉积旋回,从下至上依次出现前三角洲亚相→三角洲前缘亚相→台前缓坡亚相→开阔台地亚相→局限台地亚相的沉积序列. 相似文献
992.
Maurizio Bucca Martin Dietzel Jianwu Tang Albrecht Leis Stephan Jürgen Khler 《Chemical Geology》2009,266(3-4):152-165
Otavite, witherite, calcite, strontianite, hydrozincite and hydrocerussite nucleation was induced by CO2 diffusion through a polyethylene membrane into a metal bearing solution. Nucleation and ongoing precipitation was followed at 25 ± 1 °C by the chemical evolution of the solution and the consumption of sodium hydroxide (pH-stat conditions). X-ray diffraction patterns as well as FT-infrared and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of well crystallized solids, except for less crystalline hydrozincite. In several experiments simonkolleite and laurionite precipitated concurrently with hydrozincite and hydrocerussite. The carbonate end-member minerals, smithsonite and cerussite, however were not formed. Carbonate minerals crystallized as spherical aggregates of thin layered otavite, spherical orientated witherite needles, rhombohedral calcite, pseudo-hexagonal strontianite laths, fibrous lumps of hydrozincite and planar hexagonal hydrocerussite crystals. Crystal and aggregate sizes range between 1 and 100 μm. Nucleation occurred at well defined reaction times and distinct critical supersaturation indices (SIcrit). The time for nucleation at constant pH decreased as the initial metal concentration increased for a given solid. The SIcrit values decreased in the order of hydrocerussite (3.2), otavite (2.5), strontianite (1.6), witherite (0.9) and calcite (0.7). 相似文献
993.
James Gerald Brophy 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(6):797-811
Magma ascent, decompression-induced H2O exsolution and crystallization is now recognized as an important process in hydrous subduction zone magmas. During the course
of such a process calculations suggest that the ascent rate of a degassing and crystallizing mafic magma will be greater than
crystal settling velocities. Thus, any crystals formed as a consequence of volatile exsolution will remain suspended in the
magma. If the magma erupts before the percentage of suspended crystals reaches the critical crystallinity value for mafic
magma (~55 vol.%) it will produce the commonly observed crystal rich island arc basalt lava. If the magma reaches its critical
crystallinity before it erupts then it will stall within the crust. Extension of compaction experiments on a 55 vol.% sand-Karo
syrup suspension at different temperatures (and liquid viscosities) to the likely viscosities of interstitial andesitic to
dacitic liquid within such a stalled magma suggest that small amounts (up to ~10%) can be expelled on a time scale of 1–10 years.
The expelled liquid can create a new intermediate to silicic body of magma that is related to the original mafic magma via
fractional crystallization. The short time scale for liquid expulsion indicate that decompression-induced H2O exsolution and crystallization can be an important mechanism for fractional crystallization. Based on this assumption a
general model of decompression-induced crystallization and fractionation is proposed that explains many of the compositional,
mineralogical and textural features of Aleutian (and other andesites). 相似文献
994.
Valry Ferber Jean-Claude Auriol Yu-Jun Cui Jean-Pierre Magnan 《Engineering Geology》2009,104(3-4):200-210
We conducted a study of the spatial distributions of seismicity and earthquake hazard parameters for Turkey and the adjacent areas, applying the maximum likelihood method. The procedure allows for the use of either historical or instrumental data, or even a combination of the two. By using this method, we can estimate the earthquake hazard parameters, which include the maximum regional magnitude Mˆmax, the activity rate of seismic events and the well-known bˆ value, which is the slope of the frequency-magnitude Gutenberg-Richter relationship. These three parameters are determined simultaneously using an iterative scheme. The uncertainty in the determination of the magnitudes was also taken into consideration. The return periods (RP) of earthquakes with a magnitude M ≥ m are also evaluated. The whole examined area is divided into 24 seismic regions based on their seismotectonic regime. The homogeneity of the magnitudes is an essential factor in such studies. In order to achieve homogeneity of the magnitudes, formulas that convert any magnitude to an MS-surface scale are developed. New completeness cutoffs and their corresponding time intervals are also assessed for each of the 24 seismic regions. Each of the obtained parameters is distributed into its respective seismic region, allowing for an analysis of the localized seismicity parameters and a representation of their regional variation on a map. The earthquake hazard level is also calculated as a function of the form Θ = (Mˆmax,RP6.0), and a relative hazard scale (defined as the index K) is defined for each seismic region. The investigated regions are then classified into five groups using these parameters. This classification is useful for theoretical and practical reasons and provides a picture of quantitative seismicity. An attempt is then made to relate these values to the local tectonics. 相似文献
995.
Jingbo Zhao Changyan Wang Zhangdong Jin Guizhen Sun Jun Xiao 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(8):1753-1760
Two springs (Cuihua Spring, Shuiqiuchi Spring) in Cuihua Mountain of the Qinling Mountains were observed and sampled monthly
during 2004 and 2005 to trace their physical properties and chemical compositions with seasons. Although both pH values and
cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) contents of Cuihua Spring are higher than those of Shuiqiuchi Spring, seasonal variations in both springs are obvious. The
pH values of both spring waters are between 5.69 and 6.98, lower than that of rainwater during summer and autumn. From January
to November, the pH values of both springs similarly vary from high to low and then to high again. Variations in electric
conductivities of two spring waters are contrary, although their electric conductivities are positively correlative with the
cation content respectively. This can be attributed to different water sources of the two springs or different acidic rocks
they passed. The contents of HCO3
−, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ are low, indicating a low silicate weathering that the strata in this district are mainly composed of granite and schist
of quartz and mica. Differing from change in spring water in karst regions of South China where abundant precipitation and
dilution of rainwater cause low pH and electric conductivity in summer and autumn, the seasonal variations in the pH values
and the electric conductivities of two springs in Qinling Mountains are attributed to seasonal changes in CO2 produced by microorganisms’ activity in soil within respective year, rather than rainfall. The microorganisms’ activity in
soil produces more CO2 during summer and autumn. Therefore, the water nature of springs in silicate regions chiefly reflects the seasonal changes
of CO2 produced by the microorganisms in soil. 相似文献
996.
雷琼地区晚新生代玄武岩地球化学:EM2成分来源及大陆岩石圈地幔的贡献 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
对雷琼地区21个晚新生代玄武岩样品的主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分别用湿化学法、ICP-MS和MC-ICPMS进行了测定.这些玄武岩主要为石英拉斑玄武岩,其次为橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩.大多数样品的微量元素和同位素成分与洋岛玄武岩(OIBs)相似,而且随着SiO_2不饱和度增加,不相容元素含量也增加.除R4-1可能受到地壳混染外,其他样品相对均一的Nd同位素(ε_(Nd)=2.5-6.0)以及变化明显但范围有限的Sr同位素(0.703106~0.704481),可能继承了地幔源区的特征.~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的正相关和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的负相关特征暗示DM(软流圈地幔)与EM2(岩石圈地幔)的混合.地幔捕虏体的同位素特征暗示EM2成分不可能存在于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔,而La/Yb和Sm/Yb系统表明岩浆由石榴石橄榄岩部分熔融产生,这意味着EM2成分可能存在于石榴石橄榄岩地幔.雷琼地区玄武岩的地球化学变化可以用软流圈地幔为主的熔体加入不同比例石榴石橄榄岩地幔不同程度熔融产生的熔体来解释:碱性玄武岩和橄榄拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较低程度(7%~9%)熔融体混合,而石英拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较高程度(10%~20%)熔融体的混合. 相似文献
997.
998.
基于MODIS的祁连山区积雪时空变化特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用2000-2003年日资料经8 d合成的500 m分辨率MODIS卫星反演积雪资料和数字高程模型, 借助于GIS空间分析技术, 以积雪频率和积雪盖度为监测指标, 研究分析了祁连山区整体的积雪空间分布状况及其年内变化特征, 地形对积雪的分布和季节变化的影响. 结果表明: 祁连山区的积雪分布极不均匀, 积雪主要沿山系走向成条带状分布, 呈现西段多, 东段次之, 中部和南部少, 山脊多, 山谷少的特征, 且海拔越高、 山势越陡、阴坡积雪的范围越大、持续时间越久. 累积降雪时间, 就全区而言为9月至翌年5月, 但不同高度、坡度和坡向带有所差别. 海拔4 000 m以上区域存在春、秋季两个时段的积雪补给, 而海拔4 000 m以下仅有中秋至中冬一个时段的积雪补给;坡度较平缓的区域冬季和春季为主要积雪补给期, 而坡度较陡的区域则为秋季和春季;平地和南坡积雪补给主要发生在冬季和春季, 而其它坡向为春季和秋季. 相似文献
999.
We have performed X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) measurements on the oxygen K and silicon L absorption edges of four silica minerals: α-quartz, α-cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite. We have also calculated the
partial electron densities of states (DOSs) and compared these with the XRS spectra. This study demonstrates that the short-range
structure around the atom of interest strongly influences the XRS spectral features. Importantly, the oxygen K-edge XRS spectra are found to reflect the p-orbital DOS while the silicon L-edge spectra reflect the s- and d-orbital DOSs, even when a product of a momentum transfer and a mean radius of a electron orbit (1s for oxygen and 2p for silicon), Qr, is close to or larger than unity. Building on this, calculations of the partial DOSs for other silica phases are presented,
including ultra-high-pressure phases, which provide a good reference for further XRS study of silica and silicate minerals.
XRS measurements should be performed on not only either of oxygen or silicon but also on many kinds of constituent elements
to reveal the structural change of glasses/melts of silicates under extreme conditions. 相似文献
1000.