Water percolation in a thick unsaturated loess layer considering the ground‐atmosphere interaction     

Xiaokun Hou  Tonglu Li  Sai K. Vanapalli  Yu Xi 《水文研究》2019,33(5):794-802

The key objective of this paper is to advance our present understanding of how surface water infiltrates in thick unsaturated loess, which is found in arid and semiarid regions of the world, considering the ground‐atmosphere interaction. In situ data for a period of 1 year in thick loess layer at a site in the Loess Plateau of China that has groundwater table at 97.5 m depth were collected for achieving this objective. Climate factors, mainly rainfall and actual evaporation, were measured. In addition, variations of soil temperature and water content at different depths in the unsaturated zone were also measured. The data were used to interpret the water percolation characteristics by dividing the thick unsaturated zone into three zones; namely, (i) surface zone, which constitutes the top 1.0 m, (ii) unsteady zone, which is from 1.0 to 7.0 m, and (iii) steady zone, which is below 7.0 m. In the surface zone, soil temperature and water content are sensitive to climate factors. There is a variation of water content associated with the cumulative influence of infiltration and evaporation in the precipitation and nonprecipitation periods, respectively. In the unsteady zone, the water content is relatively constant; however, temperature varies in different seasons. Water percolation in this zone is both in liquid and vapour phases. In the steady zone, both soil temperature and water content are constant during the entire investigation period. The percolation velocity in this zone is approximately 1.23 × 10^?8 m/s or 0.39 m/year, which suggests that it will take approximately 230.8 years for surface water to pass through the thick unsaturated zone and recharge the groundwater.  相似文献   

海洋表面大气下行辐射遥感估算     

王春磊  唐伯惠 《海洋通报》2018,(2):219-224

在海-气相互作用研究中,大气下行辐射的准确估算具有重要意义。在气象站点分布密集的地区,大气下行辐射可通过常规的仪器测量获取。但海洋表面布点成本高,维护比较困难,严重影响我们对海区辐射特征的认识和了解。遥感可提供良好的时空连续性和多层次数据,是研究大气下行辐射的有效手段。本文模拟了不同大气条件下海表的长波下行辐射,考虑到大气下行辐射不仅与所在层的大气有关,还受临近大气层的影响,我们通过增加大气水汽含量重新参数化大气比辐射率,改进Brutsaert模型,建立基于MODIS数据遥感估算海洋表面大气下行辐射的模型,并利用"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"项目中黄海区观测的海-气通量观测资料对所提出的模型进行检验。结果表明,本文所改进的参数化模型在模拟数据中的均方误差(RMSE)为11.2 W/m~2;在实际数据验证中,RMSE为20.9 W/m~2;模型的精度基本达到了海-气作用研究中对瞬时大气下行辐射的精度要求。  相似文献   

Moving beyond run‐off calibration—Multivariable optimization of a surface–subsurface–atmosphere model          下载免费PDF全文

Simon Stisen  Julian Koch  Torben O. Sonnenborg  Jens Christian Refsgaard  Simone Bircher  Rasmus Ringgaard  Karsten H. Jensen 《水文研究》2018,32(17):2654-2668

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Progress of large-scale air-sea interaction studies in China   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

PU Shuzhen  ZHAO Jinping  YU Weidong  ZHAO Yongping  YANG Bo 《大气科学进展》2004,21(3):383-398

This paper summarizes the progress of large-scale air-sea interaction studies that has been achieved in China in the four-year period from July 1998 to July 2002, including seven aspects in the area of the air-sea interaction, namely air-sea interaction related to the tropical Pacific Ocean, monsoon-related air-sea interaction, air-sea interaction in the north Pacific Ocean, air-sea interaction in the Indian Ocean, air-sea interactions in the global oceans, field experiments, and oceanic cruise surveys. However more attention has been paid to the first and the second aspects because a large number of papers in the reference literature for preparing and organizing this paper are concentrated in the tropical Pacific Ocean, such as the ENSO process with its climatic effects and dynamics, and the monsoon-related air-sea interaction. The literature also involves various phenomena with their different time and spatial scales such as intraseasonal,annual, interannual, and interdecadal variabilities in the atmosphere/ocean interaction system, reflecting the contemporary themes in the four-year period at the beginning of an era from the post-TOGA to CLIVAR studies. Apparently, it is a difficult task to summarize the great progress in this area, as it is extracted from a large quantity of literature, although the authors tried very hard.  相似文献   

Gravitational signature of rotationally distorted Jupiter caused by deep zonal winds     

Dali Kong  Xinhao Liao  Keke Zhang  Gerald Schubert 《Icarus》2013

Both deep zonal winds, if they exist, and the basic rotational distortion of Jupiter contribute to its zonal gravity coefficients J_n for n ? 2. In order to capture the gravitational signature of Jupiter that is caused solely by its deep zonal winds, one must take into account the full effect of rotational distortion by computing the coefficients J_n in non-spherical geometry. This represents a difficult and challenging problem because the widely-used spherical-harmonic-expansion method becomes no longer suitable. Based on the model of a polytropic Jupiter with index unity, we compute Jupiter’s gravity coefficients J₂, J₄, J₆, … , J₁₂ taking into account the full effect of rotational distortion of the gaseous planet using a finite element method. For the model of deep zonal winds on cylinders parallel to the rotation axis, we also compute the variation of the gravity coefficients ΔJ₂, ΔJ₄, ΔJ₆, … , ΔJ₁₂ caused solely by the effect of the winds in non-spherical geometry. It is found that the effect of the zonal winds on lower-order coefficients is weak, ∣ΔJ_n/J_n∣ < 1%, for n = 2, 4, 6, but it is substantial for the high-degree coefficients with n ? 8.  相似文献   

动高压物理在地球与行星科学研究中的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

毕延  经福谦 《地学前缘》2005,12(1):79-92

综述了动高压物理应用于地球和行星科学研究中的一些最新进展,包括地球内部的物质组成与热力学状态,巨行星的物质组成模型,太阳系中的碰撞成坑与吸积相互作用等。依据铁的冲击波数据,结合其他热力学数据,可以得到一条统一的铁的熔化曲线,将动高压与静高压数据完全统一,初步解决了长期困扰高压界的动、静压关于铁的熔化温度存在系统偏差的诘难。外推到ICB处(330 GPa),铁的熔化温度(亦称锚定温度)约为(5 950±100) K。冲击Hugoniot 数据,结合地震学模型可以约束地幔与地核的物质组成。冲击压缩下钙钛矿型(Mg0 9,Fe0 1)SiO3的高压声速测量结果表明,1 770 km深度的不连续面不仅是一个相变界面而且是一个化学成分或矿物学分界面。低温可凝聚气体(H2、He)或冰(H2 O, CH4, CO2, NH3 和N2 )的冲击波数据,及Jeffrey 数等其他数据可以用来构建巨行星(如木星和土星)的物质组成模型。地球深部矿物的冲击温度测量可以用来研究它们的高压熔化行为,据此建立的高压相图可以为控制地幔对流的地幔物质的准静态蠕变提供约束条件。熔融硅酸盐在上地幔压力条件下的冲击压缩数据,可以约束地幔熔岩稳定存在的深度,在此深度地幔熔岩不会因固体围岩提供的浮力而向上运移到地表,从而在此深度形成稳定的低速带。冲击波数据在描写行?  相似文献   

Milestones in the evolution of the atmosphere with reference to climate change     

A. Y. Glikson 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):125-139

The history of life on Earth is critically dependent on the carbon, sulfur and oxygen cycles of the lithosphere – hydrosphere – atmosphere – biosphere system. An Archean oxygen-poor greenhouse atmosphere developed through: (i) accumulation of CO₂ and CH₄ from episodic injections of CO₂ from volcanic activity, volatilised crust impacted by asteroids and comets, metamorphic devolatilisation processes and release of methane from sediments; and (ii) little CO₂ weathering-capture due to both high temperatures of the hydrosphere (low CO₂ solubility) and a low ratio of exposed continents to oceans. In the wake of the Sturtian glaciation, enrichment in oxygen and appearance of multicellular eukaryotes heralded the onset of the Phanerozoic where greenhouse conditions were interrupted by periods of strong CO₂-sequestration through intensified capture of CO₂ by marine plants, onset of land plants and burial of carbonaceous shale and coal (Late Ordovician; Carboniferous – Permian; Late Jurassic; Late Tertiary – Quaternary). The progression from Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary greenhouse conditions to Late Tertiary – Quaternary ice ages was related to the sequestration of CO₂ by rapid weathering of the emerging Alpine and Himalayan mountain chains. A number of peak warming and sea-level-rise events include the Late Oligocene, mid-Miocene, mid-Pliocene and Pleistocene glacial terminations. The Late Tertiary – Quaternary ice ages were dominated by cyclic orbital-forcing-triggered terminations which involved CO₂-feedback effects from warming seas and the biosphere and albedo flips due to ice-sheet melting. Since ca AD 1750 human emissions were ～305 Gt of carbon, as compared with ～750 Gt C in the atmosphere. The emissions constitute ～12% of the terrestrial biosphere and ～10% of the known global fossil fuel reserve of ～4000 Gt C, whose combustion would compare to the ～ 4600 Gt C released to the atmosphere during the K – T impact event 65 million years ago, with associated ～65% mass extinction of species. The current growth rate of atmospheric greenhouse gases and global mean temperatures exceed those of Pleistocene glacial terminations by one to two orders of magnitude. The relationship between temperatures and sea-levels for the last few million years project future sea-level rises toward time-averaged values of at least 5 m per 1°C. The instability of ice sheets suggested by the Dansgaard – Oeschinger glacial cycles during 50 – 20 ka, observed ice melt lag effects of glacial terminations, spring ice collapse dynamics and the doubling per-decade of Greenland and west Antarctic ice melt suggest that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's projected sea-level rises (<59 cm) for the 21st century may be exceeded. The biological and philosophical rationale underlying climate change and mass extinction perpetrated by an intelligent carbon-emitting mammal species may never be known.  相似文献   

2014年5月大气环流和天气分析     

蔡雪薇  张芳华 《气象》2014,40(8):1026-1032

2014年5月环流特征如下:北半球极涡成准圆形绕级分布,中心强度为524 dagpm,较气候平均的强度偏强4~6dagpm,北半球高纬500 hPa位势高度呈4波型分布,我国中东部大部地区受偏西气流控制,多短波槽活动;副热带高压较常年明显偏西偏北,南方地区出现多次强降水天气过程。另外,南海季风爆发较常年同期明显偏晚。5月全国平均气温为全国平均气温16.5℃,较常年同期(16.2℃)偏高0.3℃;全国平均降水量73.8 nm,较常年同期(69.5 mm)略偏多6.2%。月内,我国主要天气特点是:华南江南暴雨频发,华北黄淮出现极端高温。  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of the winter polar wave clouds observed by Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter     

G Tobie  F Forget  F Lott 《Icarus》2003,164(1):33-49

In 1998, the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter revealed the presence of isolated or quasi-periodic thick clouds during the martian polar night. They are believed to be composed of CO₂ ice particles and to be tilted against the wind direction, a feature characteristic of vertically propagating orographic gravity waves. To support that interpretation, we present here numerical simulations with a two-dimensional anelastic model of stratified shear flow that includes simple CO₂ ice microphysics. In some of the simulations presented, the orography is an idealized trough, with dimensions characteristic of the many troughs that shape the Mars polar cap. In others, it is near the real orography. In the polar night conditions, our model shows that gravity waves over the north polar cap are strong enough to induce adiabatic cooling below the CO₂ frost point. From this cooling, airborne heterogeneous nucleation of CO₂ ice particles occurs from the ground up to the altitude of the polar thermal inversion. Although the model predicts that clouds can be present above 15 km, only low altitude clouds can backscatter the Laser beams of MOLA at a detectable level. Accordingly, the shape of the Laser echoes is related to the shape of the clouds at low level, but do not necessarily coincide with the top of the clouds. The model helps to interpret the cloud patterns observed by MOLA. Above an isolated orographic trough, an isolated extended sloping cloud tilted against the wind is obtained. The model shows that the observed quasi-periodic clouds are due to the succession of small-scale topographic features, rather than to the presence of resonant trapped lee waves. Indeed, the CO₂ condensation greatly damps the buoyancy force, essential for the maintenance of gravity waves far from their sources. Simulations with realistic topography profiles show the cloud response is sensitive to the wind direction. When the wind is directed upslope of the polar cap, on the one hand, a large scale cloud, modulated by small-scale waves, forms just above the ground. On the other hand, when the wind is directed downslope, air is globally warmed, and periodic ice clouds induced by small-scale orography form at altitudes higher than 3-5 km above the ground. In both cases, a good agreement between the simulated echoes and the observed one is obtained. According to our model, we conclude that the observed clouds are quasi-stationary clouds made of moving ice particles that successively grow and sublimate by crossing cold and warm phases of orographic gravity waves generated by the successive polar troughs. We also find that the rate of ice precipitation is relatively weak, except when there is a large scale air dynamical cooling.  相似文献   

基于MLP神经网络的大气加权平均温度模型     

谢劭峰  曾印  张继洪  张亚博  熊思 《大地测量与地球动力学》2022,42(11):1105-1110

以中国西南地区2015~2017年探空数据为实验数据,使用多层感知器（MLP）神经网络回归方法建立西南地区的加权平均温度(T_m)模型。将气象参数（地表温度、水汽压）和非气象参数（高程、纬度和年积日）作为模型输入因子,由数值积分法计算得到的T_m作为学习目标,通过神经网络模型进行迭代训练从而得到中国西南地区的T_m。以2018年探空站T_m数据为参考值,对MLP模型精度进行验证,并与Bevis模型和GPT3模型进行对比分析。结果表明,MLP模型的年均RMSE和年均bias分别为1.99 K和0.15 K,比Bevis模型、GPT3模型年均RMSE分别降低1.36 K(40.6%)和1.51 K(43.1%),年均bias分别下降0.70 K（82.4%）和1.04 K（87.4%）,且该模型在中国西南区域不同高程、纬度和季节的精度与稳定性优于Bevis模型和GPT3模型。  相似文献